Saturday, February 21, 2009

some facts

Coronary artery disease is the single largest cause of morbidity amongst all diseases so much so that it has been classified as having reached pandemic proportions by none less than the WHO (World Health Organisation).
http://fmge.co.cc
Over 7,0000,000 Indians have heart related diseases
1 in 3 adults, both men and women, has some form of cardiovascular disease.
In 90% of adult victims of sudden cardiac death, two or more major coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked.
http://fmge.co.cc
Brain death and permanent death start to occur in just 4-6 minutes after someone experiences cardiac arrest.
It is in the early or initial stage that the heart disease is almost certainly treatable.
The heart and brain muscles are the ones which cannot be revived once dead.
The cardiac 64 CT scan provides 3D images of the heart so detailed that the heart disease can be detected at a very early stage.
http://fmge.co.cc

Mnemonics -Easy way to remember difficult things
Hai guys
here i am giving you some Mnemonics they are sub wise use them they really help
if you find them useful let me know pls


Anatomy Mnemonics
Bones of the Wrist
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle Branches of the Brachial Plexus (In order from most lateral to most medial)
My Aunt Raped My Uncle

Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar

Slowly Lower Tilly's Pants To The Curly Hairs

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

Brachial Plexus
Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beers Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer

Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches

Branches of the Brachial Plexus (In order from most lateral to most medial)
My Aunt Raped My Uncle

Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar

Extraocularmotor muscles
LR6 (SO4) LR6: Lateral rectus --> VI abductens
SO4: Superior Oblique --> IV Trochlear
All other extraocularmotor muscles are CN III

Branches of the Facial Nerve
Ten Zebras Bought My Car

Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Masseteric, Cervical

Innervation of phrenic nerve
c345 keeps the phrenic alive
c345 keep the diaphragm alive


Long thoracic nerve innervates serratus anterior
c5-6-7 raise your arms to heaven


Relationship of Thorasic duct to Esophagous and Azygous
The duck is between two gooses.
duck = thoracic duct 2 gooses = azyGOUS and esophaGOUS


Attachments of Pectoralis Major, Teres Major and Latissimus Drosi
A lady between tow majors.
Pectoralis major attaches to lateral lip of bicipital groove, the teres major attaches to medial lip of bicipital groove, and the latissimus dorsi attaches to the floor of bicipital groove. The "lati" is between two "majors."


Innervation of the Penis
Parasympathetic puts it up; sympathetic spurts it out.
Point Shoot Score
Parasympathetic, sympathetic, somatomotor


Lateral and Medial Pectoral Nerve
Lateral is less, medial is more.
Lateral pectoral nerves goes through pectoralis major while medial pn goes though both pectoral major and minor.

Dentition: eruption times of permanent dentition
"Mama Is In Pain, Papa Can Make Medicine":
1st Molar: 6 years
1st Incisor: 7 years
2nd Incisor: 8 years
1st Premolar: 9 years
2nd Premolar: 10 years
Canine: 11 years
2nd Molar: 12 years
3rd Molar: 18-25 years


Layers of the epidermis
Grand son grate living Child.
Brent Spiner Gained Lieutenant Commander
Germinativum or Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum



Tarsal bones
"Tall Californian Navy Medcial Interns Lay Cuties":
• In order (right foot, superior to inferior, medial to lateral): Talus Calcanous Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneifrom Cuboid

Bronchopulmonary segments of right lung
"A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm":
• In order from superior to inferior: Apical Posterior Anterior Lateral Medial Superior Medial basal Anterior basal Lateral basal Posterior basal

Head & Neck
CRANIAL NERVES: I-Optic, II-Olfactory, III-Oculomotor, IV-Trochlear, V-Trigeminal, VI-Abducens, VII-Facial, VIII-Acoustic (Vestibulocochlear), IX-Glossophrayngeal, X-Vagus, XI-Spinal Accessory, XII-Hypoglossal
On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops (older and cleaner)
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagina And Hymen (newer and, well ...)

Which cranial nerve is Sensory, Motor, or Both- Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Breasts Matter More

BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical
Ten Zebras Beat My Cock
Two Zulus buggered my cat –(for the sicker, amongst you!)

You have I nose. You have II eyes. (I - Olfactory; II -- Optic)

Exit of branches of trigeminal nerve from the skull S
Standing Room Only -
V1 -Superior orbital fissure, V2 -foramen Rotundum, V3 -foramen Ovale



For the order of nerves that pass through the superior orbital fissure:
"Lazy French Tarts Lie Naked in Anticipation."
(Lacrimal, Frontal, Trochlear, Lateral, Nosociliary, Internal,
Abducens)

2 Muscle of mastication- Lateral Lowers- lateral pterygoid is the one that opens the jaw
4 Muscles of Mastication MTPP( which could be read as "Empty Peepee") -masseter, temporal, lateral and medial pterygoids --


Arteries as they come off the external carotid:
Some Angry Lady Figured out PMS
Superior thyroid, Ascending pharyngeal, Lingual, Facial, Occipital, Post Auricular, Superficial temporal, Maxillary

Innervation of Extraocular motor Muscles: LR6 SO4 3
LR6--Lateral rectus--> VI abductens
SO4--Superior Oblique--> IV Trochlear
3--The remaining 4 eyeball movers = III Oculomotor

ABC'S of the aortic arch!
Aortic arch gives off the Bracheiocephalic trunk,
the left Common Carotid, and the left
Subclavian artery

BRACHIAL PLEXUS: Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches
Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer.

CERVICAL SPINAL NERVES:
c345 keeps the phrenic alive (innervation of phrenic nerve) c345 keep the diaphragm alive (innervation of diaphragm)
c5-6-7 raise your arms to heaven (nerve roots of long thoracic nerve innervate serratus anterior)


Cranial Bones
Annoying, aren't they?
The cranial bones are the PEST OF 6...

Parietal, Ethmoid,Sphenoid,Temporal,Occipital,Frontal- 6 ? (6-the number of bones!)
( another one) Old People From Texas Eat Spiders.


LOCATION OF THORACIC DUCT: The duck is between two gooses (duck = thoracic duct) 2 gooses = azyGOUS and esophaGOUS


Cartilages of the Larynx - There are 4 cartilages in the larynx whose initial letters are TEAC (also the brandname of a home stereo).
Thyroid, Epiglottis, Arytenoid, Cricoid


Abdomen-Pelvis

INNERVATION OF PENIS:
Parasympathetic puts it up; sympathetic spurts it out
Point , Shoot, Score! (erection, emmision ,ejaculation) Parasympathetic, Sympathetic , Somatomotor
"S2, 3, 4 keep the penis off the floor" Innervation of the penis by branches of the pudental nerve, derived from spinal cord levels S2-4

Structures perforating the esophagus
"At T8 you see, perforates the IVC" (inferior Vena Cava)
the "EsoVagus" pierce T10 (esophagus, vagus nerve)
T12 - red, white and blue (aorta,thoracic duct,azygous vein)

Femoral Sheath (lateral to medial) order of things in thigh -NAVEL
Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty, Space, Lymphatics

Radial n. innervates the BEST!!!!
Brachioradialis
Extensors
Supinator
Triceps

Course of Ureters
Water runs under the bridge (uterine a. and ductus deferens)

Carotid Sheath-- VAN
Internal Jugular Vein
Common carotid Artery
Vagus Nerve

Dermatomes
C3 is a high turtleneck shirt
T4 is at the nipple
L1 is at the inguinal ligament (or L1 is IL -Inguinal ligament)
Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beer--Brachial plexus
Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches

Bones of the wrist -Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium,
Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

1. Slowly Lower Tilly's Pants To The Curly Hairs
2. Swifty Lower Tilly's Pants to try coitus here. (the risque version)
3.Scared Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle. (Classic version)


Pelvic Diaphragm
PICOLO(A) -Posterior to anterior
PIriformis
COccygeus
Levator Ani


Pelvic Splanchic-Parasympathetic
Sacral Splanchic-Sympathetic


Armies travel over bridges, the Navy travels under.
(Bridge is the ligament...reference to suprascapular artery and nerve.)


Pad, dab. Dorsal ABduct...Palmar ADduct...interosseous muscles of hand/foot.


Layers of the epidermis-Germinativum or Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum

Grandpa Shagging Grandma's Love Child.

Limbic System- the 5 F’s- Feeding, Fighting, Feeling, Flight and making babiesing



The 5 sphincters found in the Alimentary Canal are APE OIL:
Anal, Pyloric, Lower Esophogeal, Oddi, and Ileocecum.


The branches of the Axillary Artery are: Sally Thompson Loves Sex And Pot pie.
Superior Thoracic, Thoracoacromial, Lateral Thoracic, Subscapular, Anterior Circumflex Humeral, Posterior Circumflex Humeral, and Profunda Brachii.



TIRE- four abdominal muscles -- transversus, internal oblique, rectus abdominus, and external oblique

Anesthesia Mnemonics



Spinal anesthesia agents
"Little Boys Prefer Toys":
Lidocaine
Bupivicaine
Procaine
Tetracaine



Xylocaine: where not to use with epinephrine
"Nose, Hose, Fingers and Toes"
• Vasoconstrictive effects of xylocaine with epinephrine are helpful in providing hemostasis while suturing. However, may cause local ischemic necrosis in distal structures such as the digits, tip of nose, penis, ears.



General anaesthesia: equipment check prior to inducing
MALES:
Masks
Airways
Laryngoscopes
Endotracheal tubes
Suction/ Stylette, bougie



Endotracheal intubation: diagnosis of poor bilateral breath sounds after intubation
DOPE:
Displaced (usually right mainstem, pyreform fossa, etc.)
Obstruction (kinked or bitten tube, mucuous plug, etc.)
Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
Esophagus



Anesthesia machine/room check
MS MAID:
Monitors (EKG, SpO2, EtCO2, etc)
Suction
Machine check (according to ASA guidelines)
Airway equipment (ETT, laryngoscope, oral/nasal airway)
IV equipment
Drugs (emergency, inductions, NMBs, etc)



Anesthesia: quick check
SOAP:
Suction
Oxygen
Airway
Pharmacology


Anesthetics equipment check
MISMADE:
Machine check
IV supplies
Suction
Monitors
Airways
Drugs
Equipment



Failed intubation: causes
INTUBATION:
Infections of larynx
Neck mobility abnormalities
Teeth abnormalites (eg poor dentifom, loose and protuberant teeth)
Upper airway abnormalities, strictures, or swellings
Bullsneck deformities
Ankylosing spondylitis
Trauma/ TumourInexperienceOedema of upper airwayNarrowing of lower airway



Respiratory complications of anaesthesia: patients at risk
COUPLES:
COPD
Obese
Upper abdominal surgery
Prolonged bed rest
Long surgery
Elderly
Smokers
Biochemistry Mnemonics

Essential Amino Acids
PriVaTe TIM HALL
Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Leu, Lys


Urea Cycle
Ordinarily, Careless Crappers, Are Also Frivolous About Urination.
Ornithine, Carbamoyl, Citrulline, Arginosuccinate, Aspartate, Fumarate, Arginine, Urea.


Cell division
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
"People Meet And Talk."


In the Phasted State
Phosphorylate Phosphorylation cascade active when blood glucose low.
DNA expression into mature mRNA
Exons expressed, Introns in the trash.
Pyrimidines are CUT from purines.
Pyrimidines are Cytosine, Uracil, Thiamine and are one ring structures.
Purines are double ring structures.

Amino Acids:The ten essential amino acids:
"These Ten Valuable Amino Acids Have Long Preserved Life In
Man."
(Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Arginine, Histidine, Lysine,
Phenylalanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine)



GOAT FLAP- Eight hormones: Growth hormone, Oxytocin, Adenocorticotropin, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, Leutinizing hormone (interstitial cell stimulating hormone in males), Anti-diruetic(Vasopressin), and Prolactin
(shhhh.... also Melatonin!)

Friday, January 16, 2009

Most Common's in medical science

Most Common's in medical science
1° Tumor arising from bone in adults
· Multiple Myeloma
Adrenal Medullary Tumor – Adults
· Pheochromocytoma
Adrenal Medullary Tumor – Children
· Neuroblastoma
Bacterial Meningitis – adults
· Neisseria meningitidis
Bacterial Meningitis – elderly
· Strep pneumoniae
Bacterial Meningitis – newborns
· E. coli
Bacterial Meningitis – toddlers
· Hib
Bone Tumors
· Metasteses from Breast & Prostate
Brain Tumor – Child
· Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Brain Tumor –Adult
· Astrocytoma (including Glioblastoma Multiforme) then: mets, meningioma, Schwannoma
Breast Carcinoma
· Invasive Duct Carcinoma
Breast Mass
· Fibrocystic Change (Carcinoma is the most common is post-menopausal women)
Bug in Acute Endocarditis
· Staph aureus
Bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia pt
· Klebsiella
Bug in Epiglottitis
· Hib
Bug in GI Tract
· Bacteroides (2nd – E. coli)
Bug in IV drug user bacteremia / pneumonia
· Staph aureus
Bug in PID
· N. Gonnorrhoeae
Bug in Subacute Endocarditis
· Strep Viridans
Cardiac 1° Tumor – Adults
· Myxoma “Ball Valve”
Cardiac 1° Tumor – Child
· Rhabdomyoma
Cardiac Tumor – Adults
· Metasteses
Cardiomyopathy
· Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy
Cause of 2° HTN
· Renal Disease
Cause of Addison’s
· Autoimmune (2nd – infection)
Cause of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
· 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (then, 11-)
Cause of Cushings
· Exogenous Steroid Therapy (then, 1° ­ ACTH, Adrenal Adenoma, Ectopic ACTH)
Cause of death in Alzheimer pts
· Pneumonia
Cause of death in Diabetics
· MI
Cause of Death in SLE pts.
· Lupus Nephropathy Type IV (Diffuse Proliferative)
Cause of Dementia
· Alzheimer’s
Cause of Dementia (2nd most common)
· Multi-Infarct Dementia
Cause of food poisoning
· Staph aureus
Cause of mental retardation
· Down’s
Cause of mental retardation (2nd most common)
· Fragile X
Cause of preventable blindness
· Chlamydia
Cause of Pulmonary HTN
· COPD
Cause of SIADH
· Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Chromosomal disorder
· Down’s
Congenital cardiac anomaly
· VSD (membranous > muscular)
Congenital early cyanosis
· Tetralogy of Fallot
Coronary Artery thrombosis
· LAD
Demyelinating Disease
· Multiple Sclerosis
Dietary Deficiency
· Iron
Disseminated opportunistic infection in AIDS
· CMV (Pneumocystis carinii is most common overall)
Esophageal cancer
· SCCA
Fatal genetic defect in Caucasians
· Cystic Fibrosis
Female Tumor
· Leimyoma
Form of Amyloidosis
· Immunologic (Bence Jones protein in multiple myeloma is also called the Amyloid Light Chain)
Form of Tularemia
· Ulceroglandular
Gynecologic malignancy
· Endometrial Carcinoma
Heart Murmur
· Mitral Valve Prolapse
Heart Valve in bacterial endocarditis
· Mitral
Heart Valve in bacterial endocarditis in IV drug users
· Tricuspid
Heart Valve involved in Rheumatic Fever
· Mitral then Aortic
Hereditary Bleeding Disorder
· Von Willebrand’s Disease
Liver 1° Tumor
· Hepatoma
Liver Disease
· Alcoholic Liver Disease
Location of Adult brain tumors
· Above Tentorium
Location of Childhood brain tumors
· Below Tentorium
Lysosomal Storage Disease
· Gaucher’s
Motor Neuron Disease
· ALS
Neoplasm – Child
· Leukemia
Neoplasm – Child (2nd most common)
· Medulloblastoma of brain (cerebellum)
Nephrotic Syndrome
· Membranous Glomerulonephritis
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
· PCP
Ovarian Malignancy
· Serous Cystadenoma
Ovarian Tumor
· Hamartoma
Pancreatic Tumor
· Adeno (usually in the head)
Patient with ALL / CLL / AML / CML
· ALL - Child / CLL - Adult over 60 / AML - Adult over 60 / CML - Adult 35-50
Patient with Goodpasture’s
· Young male
Patient with Reiter’s
· Male
Pituitary Tumor
· Prolactinoma (2nd – Somatotropic “Acidophilic” Adenoma)
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
· Adenomas (followed by: hyperplasia, then carcinoma)
Pt. With Hodgkin’s
· Young Male (except Nodular Sclerosis type – Female)
Pt. With Minimal Change Disease
· Young Child
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
· Hypocalcemia of Chronic Renal Failure
Sexually transmitted disease
· Chlamydia
Site of Diverticula
· Sigmoid Colon
Site of metastasis
· Regional Lymph Nodes
Site of metastasis (2nd most common)
· Liver
Sites of atherosclerosis
· Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
Skin Cancer
· Basal Cell Carcinoma
Stomach cancer
· Adeno
Testicular Tumor
· Seminoma
Thyroid Cancer
· Papillary Carcinoma
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
· Lower esophagus joins trachea / upper esophagus – blind pouch
Tumor of Infancy
· Hemangioma
Type of Hodkin’s
· Mixed Cellularity (versus: lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion, nodular sclerosis)
Type of Non-Hodgkin’s
· Follicular, small cleaved
Vasculitis (of medium & small arteries)
· Temporal Arteritis
Viral Encephalitis
· HSV

Characterstic Drug Toxicities

Characterstic Drug Toxicities
Agranulocytosis
· Clozapine
Aplastic Anemia
· Chloramphenicol · NSAIDs · Benzene
Atropine-like Side Effects
· Tricyclics
Cardiotoxicity
· Doxorubicin · Daunorubicin
Cartilage Damage in children
· Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin & Norfloxacin)
Cinchonism
· Quinidine
Coronary Steal Phenomenon
· Dipyridamole
Corneal micro deposits
· Amiodarone
Cough
· ACE Inhibitors
Diabetes Insipidus
· Lithium
Disulfiram-like effect
· Metronidazole · Sulfonylureas (1st generation)
Extrapyramidal Side Effects
· Antipsychotics (Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine)
Fanconi’s Syndrome
· Tetracycline
Fatal Hepatotoxicity (necrosis)
· Valproic Acid · Halothane · Acetaminophen
Gingival Hyperplasia
· Phenytoin
Gray Baby Syndrome
· Chloramphenicol
Gynecomastia
· Cimetidine · Azoles · Spironolactone · Digitalis · Estrogen & testosterone · INH & ethionamide · Clomiphine · Phenytoin · Reserpine & Methyldopa
Hand Foot Syndrome
· 5-Flurouracil (5-FU)
Hemolytic Anemia in G6PD-deficiency
· Sulfonamides · Isoniazid · Aspirin · Ibuprofen · Primaquine
Hemorrhagic Cystitis
· Cyclophosphamide · Ifosamide (Treat by Mesna & Acetylcysteine Bladder Wash)
Hepatitis
· Isoniazid
Hot Flashes, Flushing
· Niacin · Tamoxifen · Ca++ Channel Blockers
Hypertension: Postural
· Prazocin
Hypertension: Rebound
· Clonidine withdrawal
Increased intra cranial tension (­ ICT)
· Amiodarone · Hypervitaminosis A · OCP’s · Tetracycline · Quinolones
Induce CP450
· Barbiturates · Phenytoin · Carbamazepine · Rifampin
Inhibit CP450
· Cimetidine · Erythromycin · Ketoconazole · Isoniazid (INH) [remember CEKI]
Interstitial Nephritis
· Methicillin · NSAIDs (except Aspirin) · Furosemide · Sulfonamides
Milk Alkali Syndrome
· Calcium Carbonate (CaCo3)
Monday Disease
· Nitroglycerin Industrial exposure ® tolerance during week ® loss of tolerance during weekend ® headache, tach, dizziness upon re-exposure
Nephrotoxicity
· Cephaloridine · Gentamycin · Amphotericin
Orange Body Fluids
· Rifampin
Osteoporosis
· Heparin · Corticosteroids
Pancreatitis
· L-Asparginase · Glucocorticoids
Photosensitivity
· Lomefloxacin · Pefloxacin
Positive Coombs’ Test
· Methyldopa
Pulmonary Fibrosis
· Bleomycin · Amiodarone
Rabbit Syndrome (Perioral tremors)
· Phenothiazines
Red Man Syndrome
· Vancomycin (rapid IV)
Severe HTN with Tyramine
· MAOIs
SLE- Drug Induced[Anti Histone Antibody Characteristic of this]
· Chloropromazine · Hydralazine · Isoniazid · Methyldopa · Procainamide · Quinidine [ remember CHIMP -Q]
Tardive Dyskinesia
· Antipsychotics (Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine)
Tinnitus
· Aspirin · Quinidine
Torsades de Pontis
· Terfanadine

LABORATORY TESTS

a-1 FETOPROTEIN (ALPHA-I-FETOPROTEIN )
Elevated in:Hepatocellular carcinoma (usually values >1000 ng/ml), germinal neoplasms (testis, ovary, mediastinum, retroperitoneum), liver disease (alcoholic cirrhosis, acute hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis), fetal anencephaly, spina bifida----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ACETONE (serum or plasma)
Elevated in:DKA, starvation, isopropanol Ingestion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ACID PHOSPHATASE (serum)
Elevated in:Carcinoma of prostate, other neoplasms (breast, bone), Paget's disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, malignant invasion of bone, Gaucher's disease, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatic palpation or surgery, hyperparathyroidism, liver disease, chronic renal failure----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT, SGPT)
Elevated in:Liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis, Reye's syndrome), hepatic congestion, infectious mononucleosis, Ml, myocarditis, severe muscle trauma, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, muscular dystrophy, drugs (antibiotics, narcotics, antihypertensive agents, heparin, labetalol, lovastatin, NSAIDs, amiodarone, chlorpromazine, phenytoin), malignancy, renal and pulmonary infarction, convulsions, eclampsia, shock liver----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALBUMIN (serum)
Elevated in:Dehydration
Decreased in:Liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, poor nutritional status, rapid IV hydration, protein-losing enteropathies (inflammatory bowel disease), severe bums, neoplasia, chronic inflammatory diseases, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, prolonged immobilization----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALDOLASE (serum)
Elevated in:Muscular dystrophy, rhabdomyolysis, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, trichinosis, acute hepatitis and other liver diseases, Ml, prostatic carcinoma, hemorrhagic pancreatitis, gangrene, delirium tremens
Decreased in:Loss of muscle mass, late stages of muscular dystrophy----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (serum)
Elevated in:Biliary obstruction, cirrhosis (particularly primary biliary cirrhosis), liver disease (hepatitis, infiltrative liver diseases, fatty metamorphosis), Paget's disease of bone, osteitis deformans, rickets, osteomalacia, hypervitaminosis D, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, ulcerative colitis, bowel perforation, bone metastases, healing fractures, bone neoplasms, acromegaly, infectious mononucleosis, CMV infections, sepsis, pulmonary infarction, CHF, hypernephroma, leukemia, myelofibrosis, multiple myeloma, drugs (estrogens, albumin, erythromycin and other antibiotics, cholestasis-producing drugs [phenothiazines])
Decreased in:Hypothyroidism, pernicious anemia, hypophosphatemia, hypervitaminosis D, malnutrition----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AMMONIA (serum)
Elevated in:Hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy, Reye's syndrome, portacaval shunt, drugs (diuretics, polymyxin B. methicillin)
Decreased in:Drugs (neomycin, lactulose, tetracycline), renal failure----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AMYLASE (serum)
Elevated in:Acute pancreatitis, pancreatic neoplasm, abscess, pseudocyst, ascites, macroamylasemia, perforated peptic ulcer, intestinal obstraction, intestinal infarction, acute cholecyshtis, appendicitis, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, salivary gland inflammation, peritonitis, burns, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal insufficiency, drugs (morphine), carcinomatosis of lung, esophagus, ovary, acute ethanol ingestion
Decreased in:Advanced chronic pancreatitis, hepatic necrosis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE level)
Elevated in:Sarcoidosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, multiple myeloma, lung disease (asbestosis, silicosis, berylliosis, allergic alveolitis, coccidioidomycosis), Gaucher's disease, leprosy----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANION GAP
Elevated in:Lactic acidosisKetoacidosis (DKA, alcoholic starvation)Uremia (chronic renal failure)Ingestion of toxins (paraldehyde, methanol, salicylates, ethylene glycol)
Decreased in:Hypoalbum nemia, severe hypermagnesem a, IgG myeloma, littaum toxicity, lab error (falsely Decreased sodium or overestimation of bicarbonate or chloride)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANTI-DNA
Present in:SLE, chronic active hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, biliary cirrhosis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANTI-STREPTOLYSIN O TITER (STREPTOZYME, ASLO titer)
Elevated in:Streptococcal upper airway infection, acute rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, increased levels of B-lipoprotein
NOTE: A fourfold increase in titer between acute and convalescent specimens is diagnostic of streptococcal upper airway infection regardless of the initial titer.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANTIMITOCHONDRIAL ANTIBODY
Elevated in:Primary biliary cirrhosis (85-95%), chronic active hepatitis (25%-30%) cryptogenic cirrhosis (25-30%)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODY (ANA)
Positive test:SLE (more significant if titer >1: 160), drugs (phenytoin, ethosuximide, pnmudone, methyldopa, hydralazine, carbamazepine, penicillin, procainamide, chlorpromazine, griseofulvin, thiazides), chronic active hepatltis, age over 60 yr (particularly age over 80), rheumatoid arthritls, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, necrotizing vasculitis, Sjogren's syndrome (SS), tuberculosis, pulmonary interstitial fibrosis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANTITHROMBIN III
Decreased in:Hereditary deficiency of antithrombin III, DIC, pulmonary embolism, cirrhosis, thrombolytic therapy, chronic liver failure, post-surgery, third trimester of pregnancy, oral contraceptives, nephrotic syndrome, IV heparin >3 days, sepsis
Elevated in:Warfarin drugs, post-MI----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (AST, SGOT)
Elevated in:Liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis, Reye's syndrome), hepatic congestion, infectious mononucleosis, MI, myocarditis, severe muscle trauma, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, muscular dystrophy, drugs (antibiotics, narcotics, antihypertensive agents, heparin, labetalol, lovastatin, NSAIDs, phenytoin, amiodarone, chlorpromazine), malignancy, renal and pulmonary infarction, convulsions, eclampsia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BASOPHIL COUNT
Elevated in:Leukemia, inflammatory processes, polycythemia vera, Hodgkin's Iymphoma, hemolytic anemia, after splenectomy, myeloid metaplasia
Decreased in:Stress, hypersensitivity reaction, steroids, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BILIRUBIN, DIRECT (conjugated bilirubin)
Elevated in:Hepatocellular disease, biliary obstruction, drug-induced cholestasis, hereditary disorders (Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor's syndrome)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BILIRUBIN, INDIRECT (unconjugated bilirubin)
Elevated in:Hemolysis, liver disease (hepatitis cirrhosis, neoplasm), hepatic congestion secondary to congestive heart failure, heredltary dlsorders (Gilbert's disease, Crigler-Najjar syndrome)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BILIRUBIN, TOTAL
Elevated in:Liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholangitis, neoplasm, biliary obstruction, infectious mononucleosis), hereditary disorders (Gilbert's dsease, Dubin-Johnson syndrome), drugs (steroids, diphenylhydanton, phenothiazines, penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, captopril, amphotericin B. sulfonamides, azathioprine, isoniazid, 5-aminosalicylic acid, allopurinol, methyldopa, indomethacin, halothane, oral contracepuves, procainamide, tolbutamide, labetalol), hemolysis, pulmonary embolism or infarct, hepatic congestion secondary to CHF----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BLEEDING TIME (modified Ivy method)
Elevated in:Thrombocytopenia, capillary wall abnormalities, platelet abnormalities (Bernard-Soulier, Glamzmann's), drugs (aspirin, warfarin, antinflammatory medications, streptokinase, urokinase, dextran, B lactam antibiotics, moxalactam), DIC, cirrhosis, uremia, myeloproliferative dlsorders, Von Willebrand's----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
Elevated in:Rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, inflammatory bowel disease, bacterial infections, Ml, oral contraceptives, third trimester of pregnancy (acute phase reactant), inflammatory and neoplastic diseases----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CALCITONIN (serum)
Elevated in:Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (particularly if level >1500 pg/ml), carcinoma of the breast, APUDomas, carcinolds, renal failure, thyroiditis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CALCIUM (serum)
Increased in:-Hyperparathyroidism, primary (due to hyperplasia or adenoma of parathyroids) or secondary-Hyperparathyroidism due to parathormone-secreting cancer -Hematologic malignancies (e.g., myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia)-Excess vitamin D intake-Bone tumor (Metastatic carcinoma (10% of patients))-Acute osteoporosis (e.g., immobilization of young patients or in Paget's disease)-Milk-alkali (Burnett's) syndrome-Idiopathic hypercalcemia of infants-Infantile hypophosphatasia-Berylliosis-Hyperthyroidism (some patients)-Cushing's syndrome (some patients)-Addison's disease (some patients)-Myxedema (some patients)-Hyperproteinemia (Sarcoidosis, -Multiple myeloma (some patients))-Thiazide drugs-Artifactual (e.g., venous stasis during blood collection, use of cork-stoppered test tubes)
Decreased in:-Hypoparathyroidism (Surgical; Idiopathic; Pseudohypoparathyroidism)-Malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D (Obstructive jaundice)-Hypoalbuminemia (Cachexia, Nephrotic syndrome, Sprue, Celiac disease, Cystic fibrosis of pancreas)-Chronic renal disease with uremia and phosphate retention-Acute pancreatitis with extensive fat necrosis-Insufficient calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D ingestion (Bone disease (osteomalacia, rickets); Starvation; Late pregnancy)
Total serum protein should always be known for proper interpretation of serum calcium levels.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (CARBON MONOXIDE; CO)
Elevated in:Smoking, exposure to smoking, exposure to automobile exhaust fumes malfunctioning gas-burning appliances----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA)
Elevated in:Colorectal carcinomas, pancreatic carcmomas, and metastatic disease usually produce higher elevations (>20 ng/ml)
Carcinomas of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, breast ovary, lung and thyroid usually produce lesser elevations
Benign conditions (smoking, inflammatory bowel disease hypothyroidism, cirrhosis, pancreatitis, infections) usually produce ievels <10 ng/ml----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CAROTENE (serum)
Elevated in:Carotenemia, chronic nephritis, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome
Decreased in:Fat malabsorption, steatorrhea, pancreatic insufficiency, lack of carotenoids in diet----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CERULOPLASMIN (serum)
Elevated in:Pregnancy, estrogens, oral contraceptives, neoplastic diseases (leukemias, Hodgkin's Iymphoma, carcinomas), inflammatory states, SLE, prirnary biliary cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis
Decreased in:Wilson's disease (values often <10 mg/dl), nephrotic syndrome, advanced liver disease, malabsorption, total parenteral nutrition, Menkes' syndrome----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHLORIDE (serum)
Elevated in:-Dehydration, excessive infusion of normal saline-Hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular disease, metabolic acidosis, prolonged diarrhea-Drugs (ammonium chloride administration, acetazolamide, boric acid, triamterene)
Decreased in:CHF, SIADH, Addison's disease, vomiting, gastric suction, salt-losing nephritis, continuous infusion of D5W, thiazide diuretic administration, diaphoresis, diarrhea, burns----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHOLESTEROL, TOTAL
Elevated in:Primary hypercholesterolemia, biliary obstruction, diabetes melhtus, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, primary biliary cirrhosis, high cholesterol diet, third trimester of pregnancy, Ml, drugs (steroids, phenothiazines, oral contraceptives)
Decreased in:Starvation, malabsorption, sideroblastic anemia, thalassemia, abetalipoproteinemia, hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, hepatic failure, multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, chronic myelocytic leukemia, myeloid metaplasia, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, myelofibrosis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CIRCULATING ANTICOAGULANT (lupus anticoagulant)
Detected in:SLE, drug-induced lupus, long-term phenothiazine therapy, multiple myeloma, ulcerative colhis, rheumatoid arthritis, postpartum, hemophilia, neoplasms, chronic inflammatory states----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COLD AGGLUTININS TITER
Elevated in:Primary atypical pneumonia (mycoplasma pneumonia), infectious mononucleosis, CMV infection
Other: hepatic cirrhosis, acquired hemolytic anemia, frostbite, multiple myeloma, Iymphoma, malaria----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COMPLEMENT (C3, C4)
C3 is increased in:Acute and chronic inflammation (slightly), obstructive jaundice
C3 is decreased in:Acute glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythromatosis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COOMBS, DIRECT
Positive:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, transfusion reactions, drugs (a-methyldopa, peniecllins, tetraeyeline, sulfonamides, levodopa, cephalosporins, quinidine, insulin)
False positive:May be seen with cold agglutinins----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COOMBS, INDIRECT
Positive:Acquired hemolytic anemia, incompatible cross-matched blood, anti-Rh antibodies, drugs (methyldopa, mefenamic acid, levodopa)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COPPER (serum)
Increased in:-Anemias (Pernicious anemia, Megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy, Iron deficiency anemia, Aplastic anemia, Leukemia, acute and chronic, Infection, acute and chronic, Malignant lymphoma, Hemochromatosis)-Collagen diseases (including SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, acute rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis)-Hypothyroidism-Hyperthyroidism-Frequently associated with increased C-reactive protein
Decreased in:-Nephrosis (ceruloplasmin lost in urine)-Wilson's disease-Acute leukemia in remission-Some iron deficiency anemias of childhood (that require copper as well as iron therapy)-Kwashiorkor
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CORTISOL (plasma)
Elevated in:-Ectopic ACTH production (i.e., oat cell carcinoma of lung), loss of normal diurnal variation, pregnancy, chronic renal failure-Iatrogenic, stress, adrenal or pituitary hyperplasia or adenomas
Decreased in:Primary adrenocortical insufficiency, anterior pituitary hypofunction, secondary adrenocortical insufficiency, adrenogenital syndromes----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATINE KINASE (CK, CPK)
Elevated in:MI, myocarditis, rhabdomyolysis, myositis, crush injury/trauma, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, vigorous exercise, muscular dystrophy, myxedema, seizures, malignant hyperthermia syndrome, IM injections, CVA, pulmonary embolism and infarction, acute dissection of aorta
Decreased in:Steroids, decreased muscle mass, connective tissue disorders, alcoholic liver disease, metastatic neoplasms----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATINE KINASE ISOENZYMES
CK-MBElevated in: Mi, myocarditis, pericarditis, muscular dystrophy, cardiac defibrillation, cardiac surgery, extensive rhabdomyolysis, strenuous exercise (marathon runners), mixed conmective tissue disease, cardiomyopathy, hypothermia
CK-MMElevated in: crush injury, seizures, malignant hyperthermia syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, myositis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, vigorous exercise, muscular dystrophy, IM injections, acute dissection of aorta
CK-BBElevated in: CVA, subarachnoid hemorrhage, neoplasms (prostate, Gl tract, brain, ovary, breast, lung), severe shock, bowel infarction, hypothermia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATININE (serum)
Elevated in:Renal insufficiency (acute and chronic), Decreased renal perfusion (hypotension, dehydration, CHF), urinary tract infection, rhabdomyolysis, ketonemiaDrugs (antibiotics [aminoglycosides, cephalosporins], hydantoin, diuretics, methyldopa)
Falsely elevated in:DKA, administration of some cephalosporins (e.g., cefoxitin, cephalothin)
Decreased in:Decreased muscle mass (including amputees and older persons), pregnancy, prolonged debilitation----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CREATININE CLEARANCE
Elevated in:Pregnancy, exercise
Decreased in:Renal insufficiency, drugs (cimetidine, procainanude, antibiotics, quinidine)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CRYOGLOBULINS (serum)
Present in:Collagen-vascular diseases, CLL, hemolytic anemias, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, chronic active hepatitis, Hodgkin's disease----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------D-XYLOSE ABSORPTION
Decreased in:Malabsorption syndrome----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EOSINOPHIL COUNT
Elevated in:Allergy, parasitic infestations (trichinosis, aspergillosis, hydatidosis), angmneurotic edema, drug reactions, warfarin sensitivity, collagen-vascular diseases, acute hypereosinophilic syndrome, eosinophilic nonallergic rhinitis, myeloproliferative disorders, Hodgkin's Iymphoma, radiation therapy, NHL, L-tryptophan ingestion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (Westergren)
Elevated in:Collagen-vascular diseases, infections, MI, neoplasms, inflammatory states (acute phase reactant)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTRACTABLE NUCLEAR ANTIGEN (ENA complex, anti-RNP antibody, anti-Sm, anti-Smith)
Present in:SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, MCTD----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FECAL FAT, QUANTITATIVE (72 hr collection)
Elevated in:Malabsorption syndrome----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FERRITIN (serum)
Elevated in:Hyperthyroidism, inflammatory states, liver disease (ferritin elevated from necrotic hepatocytes), neoplasms (neuroblastomas, Iymphomas, leukemia, breast carcinoma), iron replacement therapy, hemochromatosis
Decreased in:Iron deficiency anemia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FIBRIN DEGRADATION PRODUCT (FDP)
Elevated in:DIC, primary fibrinolysis, pulmonary embolism, severe liver disease
NOTE: The presence of rheumatoid factor may cause falsely elevated FDP----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FIBRINOGEN
Elevated in:Tissue inflammation/damage (acute-phase protein reactant), oral contraceptives, pregnancy, acute infection, MI
Decreased in:DIC, hereditary afibrinogenemia, liver disease, primary or secondary fibrinolysis, cachexia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FOLATE (FOLIC ACID)
Decreased in:Folic acid deficiency (inadequate intake, malabsorption), alcoholism, drugs (methotrexate, trimethoprim, phenytoin, oral contraceptives, azulfadine), vitamin B12 deficiency (defective red cell folate absorption)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FTA-ABS (serum)(FLUORESCENT TREPONEMAL ANTIBODY)
Reactive in:Syphilis, other treponemal diseases (yaws, pinta, bejel)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GASTRIN (serum)
Elevated in:Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma), pernicious anemia, hyperparathyroidism, retained gastric antrum, chronic renal failure, gastric ulcer, chronic atrophic gastritis, pyloric obstruction, malignant neoplasms of the stomach, H2 blockers, omeprazole----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE ANTIBODY (ANTIGLOMERULAR BASEMENT ANTIBODY)
Present in:Goodpasture's syndrome----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE SCREEN (blood)
Abnormal:If a deficiency is detected, quantitation of G6PD is necessary; a G6PD screen may be falsely interpreted as abnormal----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
Elevated in:Glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, pheochromocytoma----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GLUCOSE, FASTING
Elevated in:Diabetes mellitus, stress, infections, MI, CVA, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, acute pancreatitis, glucagonoma, hemocbromatosis, drugs (glucocorticoids, diuretics [thiazides, loop diuretics]), glucose intolerance----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GLUCOSE, POSTPRANDIAL
Elevated in:Diabetes mellitus, glucose intolerance
Decreased in:Post-gastrointestinal resection, reactive hypoglycemia, hereditary fructose intolerance, galactosemia, leucine sensitivity----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GLYCATED (GLYCOSYLATED) HEMOGLOBIN (HbA1c)
Elevated in:Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (glycated hemoglobin levels reflect the level of glucose control over the preceding 120 days)
Decreased in:Hemolytic anemias, Decreased RBC survival, pregnancy, chronic blood loss, chronic renal failure, insulinoma----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HAM TEST (acid serum test)
Positive in:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
False positive in:Hereditary or acquired spherocytosis, recent transfusion with aged RBC, aplastic anemia, myeloproliferative syndromes, leukemia, hereditary dyserythropoietic anemia type II (HEMPAS)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HAPTOGLOBIN (serum)
Elevated in:Inflammation (acute phase reactant), collagen-vascular diseases, infections (acute phase reactant), drugs (androgens)
Decreased in:Hemolysis (intravascular > extravascular), megaloblastic anemia, severe liver disease, large tissue hematomas, infectious mononucleosis, drugs (oral contraceptives)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HEMATOCRIT
Elevated in:Polycythemia vera, smoking, COPD, high altitudes, dehydration, hypovolemia
Decreased in:Blood loss (GI, GU), anemia, pregnancy----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HEMOGLOBIN
Elevated in:Hemoconcentration, dehydration, polycythemia vera, COPD, high altitudes, false elevations (hyperlipemic plasma, WBC >50,000 mm3), stress
Decreased in:Hemorrhage (GI, GU), anemia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HEPATITIS A ANTIBODY
Present in:Viral hepatitis A, can be IgM or IgG (if IgM, acute hepatitis A; if IgG, previous infection with hepatitis A)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBsAg)
Detected in:Acute viral hepatitis Type B. Chronic hepatitis B----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL) CHOLESTEROL
Increased:Use of gemfibrozil, nicotinic acid, estrogens, regular aerobic exercise, small (1 oz) daily alcohol intake
Decreased:Deficiency of apoproteins, liver disease, probucol ingestion, Tangier diseaseNOTE: A cholesterol/HDL ratio >4.5 is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IMMUNE COMPLEX ASSAY
Detected in:Collagen-vascular disorders, glomerulonephritis, neoplastic diseases, malaria, primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic acute hepatitis, bacterial endocarditis, vasculitis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Elevated in:-IgA: Iymphoproliferative disorders, Berger's nephropathy, chronic infections, autoimmune disorders, liver disease-IgE: allergic disorders, parasitic infections, immunological disorders IgE myeloma-IgG: chronic granulomatous infections, infectious diseases, inflammation, myeloma, liver disease-IgM: primary biliary cirrhosis, infectious diseases (brucellosis, malaria), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, liver disease
Decreased in:-IgA: nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy, congenital deficiency, Iymphocytic leukemia, ataxia-telengiectasia, chronic eosinopulmonary disease-IgE: hypogammaglobulinemia, neoplasm (breast, bronchial, cervical) ataxia, telengiectasia-IgG: congenital or acquired deficiency, Iymphocytic leukemia, phenytoin, methylprednisolone, nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy-IgM: congenital deficiency, Iymphocytic leukemia, nephrotic syndrome----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IRON-BINDING CAPACITY (TIBC)
Elevated in:Iron deficiency anemia, pregnancy, polycythemia
Decreased in:Anemia of chronic disease, hemochromatosis, chronic liver disease, hemolytic anemias, malnutrition (protein depletion)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LACTATE (blood)
Increased in:(Without signifigant acidosis): Muscular exercise, hyperbentilation, glucaon, glycogen storage disease, severe anemia, pyruvate infusion, HCO3 infusion, glucose and insulin infusion.
(With hypoxia and acidosis): Acute hemorrage, circulatory collapse, cyanotic heart disease, severe acute CHF, acute anoxemia, extracorpeal circulation, epinephrine
(Idiopathic): Mild uremia, infections (esp. pyelonephritis), septicemia, cirrhosis, acute pancreatitis (+/-), third trimester of pregnancy, severe vascular disease, leukemia, anemia, chronic alcoholism, subacute bacterial endocarditis, poliomyelitis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH)
Elevated in:Infarction of myocardium, lung, kidney
Diseases of cardiopulmonary system, liver, collagen, CNS
Hemolytic anemias, megaloblastic anemias, transfusions, seizures, muscle trauma, muscular dystrophy, acute pancreatitis hypotension shock, infectious mononucleosis, inflammation, neoplasia, intestinai obstruction, hypothyroidism----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ISOENZYMES
Abnormal values:LDH1 > LDH2: MI (can also be seen with hemolytic anemias, pernicious anemia, folate deficiency, renal infarct)
LDH5 > LDH4: liver disease (cirrhosis, hepatitis, hepatic congestion)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LEGIONELLA TITER
Positive in:Legionnaire's disease (presumptive: > 1:256 titer; definitive: fourfold titer increase to >1: 128)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LEUKOCYTE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (LAP SCORE)
Elevated in:Leukemoid reactions, neutrophilia secondary to infections (except in sickle cell crisisƒ€no significant increase in LAP score), Hodgkin's disease, polycythemia vera, hairy cell leukemia, aplastic anemia, Down's syndrome, myelofibrosis
Decreased in:Acute and chronic granulocytic leukemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), hypophosphatemia, collagen disorders----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LIPASE
Elevated in:Acute pancreatitis, perforated peptic ulcer, carcinoma of pancreas (early stage), pancreatic duct obstruction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL) CHOLESTEROL
Elevated in:Primary hyperlipoproteinemia, diet high in saturated fats, acute MI, hypothyroidism, primary biliary cirrhosis, nephrosis, driabetes mellitus
Decreased in:Abetalipoproteinemia, advanced liver disease, malabsorption, malnutrition----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LYMPHOCYTES
Elevated in:Chronic infections, infectious mononucleosis and other viral infections, CLL, Hodgkin's disease, ulcerative colitis, hypoadrenalism, ITP
Decreased in:AIDS, ARC, bone marrow suppression from chemotherapeutic agents or chemotherapy, aplastic anemia, neoplasms, steroids, adrenocortical hyperfunction, neurologic disorders (multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre syndrome)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAGNESIUM (serum)
Increased in:-Renal failure-Diabetic coma before treatment-Hypothyroidism-Addison's disease and after adrenalectomy-Controlled diabetes mellitus in older patients-Administration of antacids containing magnesium
Decreased in:-GI disease showing malabsorption and abnormal loss of GI fluids (e.g., nontropical sprue, small bowel resection, biliary and intestinal fistulas, abdominal irradiation, prolonged aspiration of intestinal contents, celiac disease and other causes of steatorrhea)-Acute alcoholism and alcoholic cirrhosis-Insulin treatment oof diabetic coma-Hyperthyroidism-Aldosteronism-Hyperparathyroidism-Lytic tumors of bone-Diuretic drug therapy (e.g., ethacrynic acid, furosemide)-Some cases of renal disease (e.g., glomerulonephritis, pyeloneI phritis, renal tubular acidosis)-Acute pancreatitis-Excessive lactation-Idiopathic disorders
Magnesium deficiency may cause apparently unexplained hypocalcemia and hypokalemia; the patients may have neurologic and GI symptoms
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME (MCV)
Elevated in:Vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, liver disease, alcohol abuse, reticulocytosis, hypothyroidism, marrow aplasia, myelofibrosis
Decreased in:Iron deficiency, thalassemia syndrome and other hemoglobinopathies, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia, chronic renal failure, lead poisoning----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MONOCYTE COUNT
Elevated in:Viral diseases, parasites, infections, neoplasms, inflammatory bowel disease, monocytic leukemia, Iymphomas, myeloma, sarcoidosis
Decreased in:Aplastic anemia, Iymphocytic leukemia, glucocorticoid administration----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NEUTROPHIL COUNT
Elevated in:Acute bacterial infections, acute MI, stress, neoplasms, myelocytic leukemia
Decreased in:Viral infections, aplastic anemias, immunosuppressive drugs, radiation therapy to bone marrow, agranulocytosis, drugs (antibiotics, antithyroidals), Iymphocytic and monocytic leukemias----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------OSMOLALITY, SERUM
It can be estimated by the following formula:
2([Na] + [K]) + Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8
Elevated in:Dehydration, hypernatremia, diabetes insipidus, uremia, hyperglycemia, mannitol therapy, ingestlon of toxins (ethylene glycol, methanol ethanol)
Decreased in:SIADH, hyponatremia, overhydration----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pH, BLOOD
Increased in:Metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis
Decreased in:Metabolic acidosis, repiratory acidosis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (PTT), ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (APTT)
Elevated in:Heparin therapy, coagulation factor deficiency (I, II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI XII), liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, DIC, circulating anticoagulant, warfarin therapy, specific factor inhibition (PCN reaction, rheumatoid arthritis), thrombolytic therapy
NOTE: Useful to evaluate the intrinsic coagulaion system.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PHOSPHATASE, ALKALINE; see ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE PHOSPHORUS (serum)
Elevated in:Renal failure, dehydration, Addison's disease, myelogenous leukemia, hypervitaminosis D, hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, bone metastases, sarcoidosis, milk-alkali syndrome, immobilization, magnesium deficiency, transfusions, hemolysis
Decreased in:Starvation (e.g., alcoholics), DKA, TPN, continuous IV dextrose administration, vitamin D deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, pseudohyperparathyroidism, antacids containing aluminum hydroxide, insulin administration, nasogastric suctioning, vomiting, diuretics, steroids, gram-negative septicemia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PHOSPHORUS (serum)
Increased in:-Hypoparathyroidism (Idiopathic, Surgical, Pseudohypoparathyroidism)-Excess vitamin D intake-Secondary hyperparathyroidism (renal rickets)-Bone disease (Healing fractures, Multiple myeloma (some patients), Paget's disease (some patients), Osteolytic metastatic tumor in bone (some patients))-Addison's disease-Acromegaly-Childhood-Myelogenous leukemia-Acute yellow atrophy-High intestinal obstruction-Sarcoidosis (some patients)-Milk-alkali (Burnett's) syndrome (some patients)-Artifactual increase by hemolysis of blood
Decreased in-Alcoholism*-Diabetes mellitus*-Hyperalimentation*-Nutritional recovery syndrome* (rapid refeeding after prolonged starvation)-Alkalosis, respiratory (e.g., gram-negative bacteremia) or metabolic-Acute gout-Salicylate poisoning-Administration of glucose intravenously (e.g., recovery after severe burns, hyperalimentation)-Administration of anabolic steroids, androgens, epinephrine, glucagon, insulin-Acidosis (especially ketoacidosis)-Hyperparathyroidism-Renal tubular defects (e.g., Fanconi syndrome)-Hypokalemia-Hypomagnesemia-Administration of diuretics-Prolonged hypothermia (e.g., open heart surgery)-Malabsorption-Vitamin D deficiency and/or resistance, osteomalacia-Malnutrition, vomiting, diarrhea-Administration of phosphate-binding antacids*-Primary hypophosphatemia
*Indicates conditions associated with severe hypophosphatemia.
Mechanisms of hypophosphatemia are intracellular shift of phosphate, increased loss (via kidney or intestine), or decreased intestinal absorption; usually associated with prior phosphorus depletion. Often, more than one mechanism is operative.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PLATELET COUNT
Elevated in:Neoplasms (GI tract), CML, polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, infections, after splenectomy, postpartum, after hemorrhage, hemophilia, iron deficiency, pancreatitis, cirrhosis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------POTASSIUM (serum)
Increased in:-Renal failure: (Acute with oliguria or anuria; Chronic end-stage with oliguria (glomerular filtration rate <3-5 ml/minute); Chronic nonoliguric associated with dehydration, obstruction, trauma, or excess potassium)-Decreased mineralocorticoid activity: (Addison's disease; Hypofunction of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; Pseudohypoaldosteronism; Aldosterone antagonist (e.g., spironolactone))-Increased supply of potassium: (Red blood cell hemolysis (transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia); Excess dietary intake or rapid potassium infusion; Striated muscle (status epilepticus, periodic paralysis); Potassium-retaining drugs (e.g., triamterene); Fluid-electrolyte imbalance (e.g., dehydration, acidosis))-Laboratory artifacts (e.g., hemolysis during venipuncture, conditions associated with thrombocytosis, incomplete separation of serum and clot)
Decreased in:-Renal and adrenal conditions with metabolic alkalosis: (Administration of diuretics, Primary aidosteronism, Pseudoaldosteronism, Salt-losing nephropathy, Cushing's syndrome)-Renal conditions associated with metabolic acidosis: (Renal tubular acidosis, Diuretic phase of acute tubular necrosis, Chronic pyelonephritis, Diuresis following relief of urinary tract obstruction)-Gastrointestinal conditions: (Vomiting, gastric auctioning; Villous adenoma; Cancer of colon; Chronic laxative abuse; Zollinger-Ellison syndrome; Chronic diarrhea; Ureterosigmoidostomy)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PROLACTIN
Elevated in:Prolactinomas (level >200 highly suggestive), drugs (phenothiazines, cimetidine, tricyclic antidepressants, metoclopramide, estrogens, antihypertensives [methyldopa], verapamil, haloperidol), postpartum, stress, hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PROTEIN (serum)
Elevated in:Dehydration, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, sarcoidosis, collagen-vascular diseases
Decreased in:Malnutrition, low-protein diet, overhydration, malabsorption, pregnancy, severe bums, neoplasms, chronic diseases, cirrhosis, nephrosis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS (serum)
Elevated:-Albumin: dehydration-a-l: neoplastic diseases, inflammation-a-2: neoplasms, inflammation, infection, nephrotic syndrome-b: hypothyroidism, biliary cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus-y: see IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Decreased:-Albumin: malnutrition, chronic liver disease, malabsorption, nephrotic syndrome, burns, SLE-a-I: emphysema (a-l antitrypsin deficiency), nephrosis-a-2: hemolytic anemias (Decreased haptoglobin), severe hepatocellular damage-b: hypocholesterolemia, nephrosis-y: see IMMUNOGLOBULINS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT)
Elevated in:Liver disease, oral anticoagulants (Warfarin), heparin, factor deficiency (I, II, V, VII, X), DIC, vitamin K deficiency, afibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia, drugs (salicylae, chloral hydrate, diphenylhydantoin, estrogens, antacids, phenylbutazone, quinidine, antibiotics, allopurinol, anabolic steroids)
Decreased in:Vitamin K supplementation, thrombophlebitis, drugs (gluthetimide, estrogens, griseofulvin, diphenhydramine)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PROTOPORPHYRIN (free erythrocyte)
Elevated in:Iron deficiency, lead poisoning, sideroblastic anemias, anemia of chronic disease, hemolytic anemias, erythropoietic protoporphyria----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------RED BLOOD CELL COUNT
Elevated in:Polycythemia vera, smokers, high altitude, cardiovascular disease, renal cell carcinoma and other erythropoietin-producing neoplasms, stress, hemoconcentration/dehydration
Decreased in:Anemias, hemolysis, chronic renal failure, hemorrhage, failure of marrow production----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------RED BLOOD CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH (RDW)
Normal RDW and...Elevated MCV: aplastic anemia, preleukemiaNormal MCV: normal, anemia of chronic disease, acute blood loss or hemolysis, CLL, CML, nonanemic enzymopathy or hemoglobinopathy
Decreased MCV: anemia of chronic disease, heterozygous thalassemia
Elevated RDW and...Elevated MCV: vitamin Bl2 deficiency, folate deficiency, immune hemolytic anemia, cold agglutinins, CLL with high count, liver disease
Normal MCV: early iron deficiency, early vitamin Bl2 deficiency, early folate deficiency, anemic globinopathy
Decreased MCV: iron deficiency, RBC fragmentation, Hb H. thalassemia intermedia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------RED BLOOD CELL MASS (VOLUME)
Elevated in:Polycythemia vera, hypoxia (smokers, high altitude, cardiovascular disease), hemoglobinopathies with high 2B affinity, erythropoietin-producmg tumors (renal cell carcinoma)
Decreased in:Hemorrhage, chronic disease, failure of marrow production anemias, hemolysis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------RETICULOCYTE COUNT
Elevated in:Hemolytic anemia (sickle cell crisis, thalassemia major, autoimmune hemolysls, hemorrhage, postanemia therapy (folic acid, ferrous sulfate, vitamin B12)
Decreased in:Aplastic anemia, marrow suppression (sepsis, chemotherapeutic agents radlation), hepatic cirrhosis, blood transfusion, anemias of disordered maturation (iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, sideroblastlc anemua, anemna of chronic disease)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------RHEUMATOID FACTOR
Present in titer >1:20:Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, chronic inflammatory processes, old age, infection, liver disease----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SMOOTH MUSCLE ANTIBODY (ANTI- SMOOTH MUSCLE ANTIBODY)
Present in:Chronic active hepatitis (>1:80), primary biliary cirrhosis (<1:80), infectious mononucleosis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SODIUM (serum)
Increased in:
Excess loss of water...-Conditions that cause loss via gastrointestinal tract (e.g., in vomiting), lung (hyperpnea), or skin (e.g., in excessive sweating)-Conditions that cause diuresis (Diabetes insipidus, Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, Diabetes mellitus, Diuretic drugs, Diuretic phase of acute tubular necrosis, Diuresis following relief of urinary tract obstruction, Hypercalcemic nephropathy, Hypokalemic nephropathy)
Excess administration of sodium (iatrogenic), e.g., incorrect replacement following fluid loss.""Essential"" hypernatremia due to hypothalamic lesions
Decreased in (serum osmolality is decreased):
-Dilutional: (e.g., congestive heart failure, nephrosis, cirrhosis with ascites)-Sodium depletion: (Loss of body fluids (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating) with incorrect or no therapeutic replacement, diuretic drugs (e.g., thiazides); Adrenocortical insufficiency; Salt-losing nephropathy; Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone)-Spurious (serum osmolality is normal or increased): (Hyperlipidemia; Hyperglycemia (serum sodium decreases 3 mEq/L for every increase of serum glucose of 100 mg/100 ml))
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SUCROSE HEMOLYSIS TEST (sugar water test)
Positive in:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
False positive: autoimmune hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemnasFalse negative: may occur with use of heparin or EDTA----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T3 (TRIIODOTHYRONINE)
Decreased in:Starvation, trauma, surgery, may be an adaptive response to illness, drugs (PTU)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T3 RESIN UPTAKE (T3RU)
This test should be used only with a simultaneous measurement of serum T4 to exclude the possibility that an increased T4 is due to an increase in T4-binding globulin. Measurement of serum T-3 concentration should be done by radioimmunoassay for diagnosis of hyperthyroidism
Increased in:-Hyperthyroidism-Certain drugs (e.g., testosterone, androgens, anabolic steroids, prednisone, heparin, Dicumarol, salicylates, Butazolidin, penicillin, Dilantin)-Threatened abortion-Infants (up to about age 2 months)-Severe nephrosis-Metastatic neoplasms
Decreased in_-Hypothyroidism-Pregnancy (from about tenth week of pregnancy until up to 12th week postpartum)-Certain drugs (e.g., estrogens alone or in birth control pills, large amounts of iodine, propylthiouracil in hyperthyroidism)
Normal in:-Pregnancy with hyperthyroidism-Nontoxic goiter-Carcinoma of thyroid-Diabetes mellitus-Addison's disease-Anxiety-Certain drugs (mercurials, iodine)
Variable in:Liver disease
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T4, FREE (free thyroxine)
This determination gives corrected values in patients in whom the total thyroxine (T-4) is altered on account of changes in serum proteins or in binding sites. (Pregnancy; Drugs (e.g., androgens, estrogens, birth control pills, Dilantin); Altered levels of serum proteins (e.g., nephrosis))
This is the best single screening test for thyroid dysfunction. It is paralleled by the free thyroxine factor.
Increased in:-Hyperthyroidism-Hypothyroidism treated with thyroxine -Very ill euthyroid patients (frequently)
Decreased in:-Hypothyroidism-Hypothyroidism treated with triiodothyronine
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THROMBIN TIME (TT)
Elevated in:Thrombolytic and heparin therapy, DIC, hypofibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
Elevated in:Hypothyroidism, drugs (haloperidol, chlorpromazme, metoclopramide, domperidone), TSH antibodies, pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone
Decreased in:Hyperthyroidism, acute medical illness, drugs (dopamine, corticosteroids, bromocriptine, levodopa, pyridoxine), hyponatremia, malnutrition
Normal in:Cushing's syndromeAcromegalyPregnancy at term
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN (TBG)
Increased in:-Pregnancy-Excess TBG, genetic or idiopathic -Hypothyroidism (sorr-te patients)-Certain drugs (estrogens, birth control pills)-Gross iodine contamination-Acute intermittent porphyria
Decreased in:-Nephrosis and other causes of marked hypoproteinemia Deficiency of TBG, genetic or idiopathic-Certain drugs (androgenic and anabolic steroids)
An increase of TBG is associated with an increase in PBI, BEI, and T-4 by column and a decrease in T-3; converse association for decrease of TBG.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THYROXINE (T4)
Increased in:-Hyperthyroidism-Pregnancy-Certain drugs (estrogens, birth control pills, d-thyroxine, thyroid extract, TSH)
Decreased in:-Hypothyroidism-Hypoproteinemia-Certain drugs (phenytoin sodium [Dilantin], triiodothyronine, testosterone, ACTH, corticosteroids)
Not affected by:-Radiopaque substances for x-ray studies -Mercurial diuretics-Nonthyroidal iodine
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TRANSFERRIN
Elevated in:Iron deficiency anemia, oral contraceptive administration, viral hepatitis
Decreased in:Nephrotic syndrome, liver disease, hereditary deficiency, protein malnutrition, neoplasms, chronic inflammatory states, chronic illness thalassemia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TRIGLYCERIDES
Elevated in:Hyperlipoproteinemias (Types I, IIb, III, IV, V), hypothyroidism, pregnancy, estrogens, acute MI, pancreatitis, alcohol intake, nephrotic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, glycogen storage disease
Decreased in:Malnutrition, congenital abetalipoproteinemias, drugs (e.g., gemfibrozil, nicotinic acid, clofibrate) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UREA NITROGEN (BUN)
Elevated in:-Drugs (aminoglycosides and other antibiotics, diuretics, lithium, corticosteroids), dehydration, gastrointestinal bleeding, -Decreased renal blood flow (shock, CHF, MI), renal disease (glomerulonephritis pyelonephritis, diabetic nephropathy), urinary tract obstruction (prostatic hypertrophy)
Decreased in:Liver disease, malnutrition, third trimester of pregnancy, overhydration----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URIC ACID (serum)
Elevated in:Renal failure, gout, excessive cell Iysis (chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, leukemia, Iymphoma, hemolytic anemia), hereditary enzyme deficiency (hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase) acidosis, myeloproliferative disorders, diet high in purines or protein drugs (diuretics, low doses of ASA, ethambutol, nicotinic acid), lead poisoning, hypothyroidism, Addison's disease, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, active psoriasis, polycystic kidneys
Decreased in:Drugs (allopurinol, high doses of ASA, probenecid, warfarin, corticosteroid), deficiency of xanthine oxidase, SIADH, renal tubular deficits (Fanconi's syndrome), alcoholism, liver disease, diet deficient in protein or purines, Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE 5-HYDROXYINDOLE-ACETIC ACID (URINE 5-HIAA)
Elevated in:Carcinoid tumors, after ingestion of certain foods (bananas, plums, tomatoes, avocados, pineapples, eggplant, walnuts), drugs (MAO inhibitors, phenacetin, methyldopa, glycerol guaiacolate, acetaminophen,salicylates, phenothiazines, imipramine, methocarbamol, reserpine, metamphetamine)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE AMYLASE
Elevated in:Pancreatitis, carcinoma of the pancreas----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE BILE (BILIRUBIN, URINE)
Abnormal:Urine bilirubin: Hepatitis (viral, toxic, drug-induced), biliary obstructionUrine urobilinogen: Hepatitis (viral, toxic, drug-induced), hemolytic jaundice, liver cell dysfunction (cirrhosis, infection, metastases)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE CALCIUM
Elevated in:Primary hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, bone metastases multlple myeloma, increased calcium intake, steroids, prolonged immobilization, sarcoidosis, Paget's disease, idiopathic hypercalciuria renal tubular acidosis
Decreased in:Hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency vitanun D-resistant rickets, diet low in calcium, drugs (thiazide diuretics, oral contraceptives), familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, renal osteodystrophy----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE CATECHOLAMINES
Elevated in:Pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, severe stress----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE CHLORIDE
Elevated in:Corticosteroids, Bartter's syndrome
Decreased in:Chloride depletion (vomiting, diuretics), colonic villous adenoma----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE COPPER
Increased in:Wilson's disease----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE CORTISOL, FREE
Elevated:Refer to CORTISOL (serum)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE CREATININE (24 hr)
NOTE: Useful test as an indicator of completeness of 24 hr urine collection.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE GLUCOSE (qualitative)
Present in:Diabetes mellitus, renal glycosuria (decreased renal threshold for glucose), glucose intolerance----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE HEMOGLOBIN, FREE
Present in:Hemolysis (with saturation of serum haptoglobin binding capacity and renal threshold for tubular absorption of hemoglobin)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE HEMOSIDERIN
Present in:Paroxysmal noctumal hemoglobinuria (PNH), chronic hemolytic anemia, hemochromatosis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE INDICAN
Present in:Malabsorption secondary to intestinal bacterial overgrowth----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE KETONES (semiquantitative)
Present in:DKA, alcoholic ketoacidosis, starvation, isopropanol ingestion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE METANEPHRINES
Elevated in:Pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, drugs (caffeine, phenothiazines, MAO inhibitors), stress----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE MYOGLOBIN
Present in:Severe trauma, hyperthermia, polymyositis/demmatomyositis, carbon monoxide poisoning----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE NITRITE
Present in:Urinary tract infections----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE OCCULT BLOOD
Positive in:Trauma to urinary tract, renal disease (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis), renal or ureteral calculi, bladder lesions (carcinoma, cystitis), prostatitis, prostatic carcinoma, menstrual contamination, hematopoietic disorders (hemophilia, thrombocytopenia), anticoagulants, ASA----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE OSMOLALITY
Elevated in:SIADH, dehydration, glycosuria, adrenal insufficiency, high-protein diet
Decreased in:Diabetes insipidus, excessive water intake, IV hydration with D5W acute renal insufficiency, glomerulonephritis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE pH
Elevated in:Bacteriuria, vegetarian diet, renal failure with inability to form ammonia, drugs (antibiotics, sodium bicarbonate, acetazolamide)
Decreased in:Acidosis (metabolic, respiratory), drugs (ammonium chloride, methenamine mandelate), diabetes mellitus, starvation, diarrhea----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE POTASSIUM
Elevated in:Aldosteronism (primary, secondary), glucocorticoids, alkalosis, renal tubular acidosis, excessive dietary potassium intake
Decreased in:Acute renal failure, potassium-sparing diuretics, diarrhea, hypokalemia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE PROTEIN (quantitative)
Elevated in:Renal disease (glomerular, tubular, interstitial), CHF, hypertension, neoplasms of renal pelvis and bladder, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE SODIUM (quantitative)
Elevated in:Diuretic administration, high sodium intake, salt-losing nephritis, acutetubular necrosis, vomiting, CHF, hepatic failure. Addison's disease, SIADH, hypothyroidism----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Elevated in:Dehydration, excessive fluid losses (vomiting, diarrhea, fever) x-ray contrast media, diabetes mellitus, CHF, SIADH, adrenal insufficiency, Decreased fluid intake
Decreased in:Diabetes insipidus, renal disease (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis), excessive fluid intake or IV hydration----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------URINE VANILLYLMANDELIC ACID (VMA)
Elevated in:Pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, ganglioblastoma, drugs (isoproterenol, methocarbamol, levodopa, sulfonamides, chlorpromazine), severe stress, after ingestion of bananas, chocolate, vanilla, tea, coffee
Decreased in:Drugs (MAO inhibitors, reserpine, guanethidine, methyldopa)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VDRL
Positive test:Syphilis, other treponemal diseases (yaws, pinta, bejel)
NOTE: A false-positive test may be seen in patients with SLE and other autoimmune diseases, infectious mononucleosis, atypical pneumonia, malaria, leprosy.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VISCOSITY
Elevated in:Monoclonal gammopathies (Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, multiple myeloma), hyperfibrinogenemia, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, polycythemia, leukemia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------y-GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE (GGT; GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE )
Elevated in:Chronic alcoholic liver disease, neoplasms (hepatoma, metastatic disease to the liver, carcinoma of the pancreas), SLE, CHF, trauma, nephrotic syndrome, sepsis, cholestasis. drugs (phenytoin, barbiturates)

GUIDE TO COMMON MEDICAL TESTS [lab tests]

a-1 FETOPROTEIN (ALPHA-I-FETOPROTEIN )

Elevated in:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (usually values >1000 ng/ml), germinal neoplasms (testis, ovary, mediastinum, retroperitoneum), liver disease (alcoholic cirrhosis, acute hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis), fetal anencephaly, spina bifida
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACETONE (serum or plasma)

Elevated in:
DKA, starvation, isopropanol Ingestion
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACID PHOSPHATASE (serum)

Elevated in:
Carcinoma of prostate, other neoplasms (breast, bone), Paget's disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, malignant invasion of bone, Gaucher's disease, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatic palpation or surgery, hyperparathyroidism, liver disease, chronic renal failure
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT, SGPT)

Elevated in:
Liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis, Reye's syndrome), hepatic congestion, infectious mononucleosis, Ml, myocarditis, severe muscle trauma, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, muscular dystrophy, drugs (antibiotics, narcotics, antihypertensive agents, heparin, labetalol, lovastatin, NSAIDs, amiodarone, chlorpromazine, phenytoin), malignancy, renal and pulmonary infarction, convulsions, eclampsia, shock liver
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALBUMIN (serum)

Elevated in:
Dehydration

Decreased in:
Liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, poor nutritional status, rapid IV hydration, protein-losing enteropathies (inflammatory bowel disease), severe bums, neoplasia, chronic inflammatory diseases, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, prolonged immobilization
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALDOLASE (serum)

Elevated in:
Muscular dystrophy, rhabdomyolysis, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, trichinosis, acute hepatitis and other liver diseases, Ml, prostatic carcinoma, hemorrhagic pancreatitis, gangrene, delirium tremens

Decreased in:
Loss of muscle mass, late stages of muscular dystrophy
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (serum)

Elevated in:
Biliary obstruction, cirrhosis (particularly primary biliary cirrhosis), liver disease (hepatitis, infiltrative liver diseases, fatty metamorphosis), Paget's disease of bone, osteitis deformans, rickets, osteomalacia, hypervitaminosis D, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, ulcerative colitis, bowel perforation, bone metastases, healing fractures, bone neoplasms, acromegaly, infectious mononucleosis, CMV infections, sepsis, pulmonary infarction, CHF, hypernephroma, leukemia, myelofibrosis, multiple myeloma, drugs (estrogens, albumin, erythromycin and other antibiotics, cholestasis-producing drugs [phenothiazines])

Decreased in:
Hypothyroidism, pernicious anemia, hypophosphatemia, hypervitaminosis D, malnutrition
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AMMONIA (serum)

Elevated in:
Hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy, Reye's syndrome, portacaval shunt, drugs (diuretics, polymyxin B. methicillin)

Decreased in:
Drugs (neomycin, lactulose, tetracycline), renal failure
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AMYLASE (serum)

Elevated in:
Acute pancreatitis, pancreatic neoplasm, abscess, pseudocyst, ascites, macroamylasemia, perforated peptic ulcer, intestinal obstraction, intestinal infarction, acute cholecyshtis, appendicitis, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, salivary gland inflammation, peritonitis, burns, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal insufficiency, drugs (morphine), carcinomatosis of lung, esophagus, ovary, acute ethanol ingestion

Decreased in:
Advanced chronic pancreatitis, hepatic necrosis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE level)

Elevated in:
Sarcoidosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, multiple myeloma, lung disease (asbestosis, silicosis, berylliosis, allergic alveolitis, coccidioidomycosis), Gaucher's disease, leprosy
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANION GAP

Elevated in:
Lactic acidosis
Ketoacidosis (DKA, alcoholic starvation)
Uremia (chronic renal failure)
Ingestion of toxins (paraldehyde, methanol, salicylates, ethylene glycol)

Decreased in:
Hypoalbum nemia, severe hypermagnesem a, IgG myeloma, littaum toxicity, lab error (falsely
Decreased sodium or overestimation of bicarbonate or chloride)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANTI-DNA

Present in:
SLE, chronic active hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, biliary cirrhosis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANTI-STREPTOLYSIN O TITER (STREPTOZYME, ASLO titer)

Elevated in:
Streptococcal upper airway infection, acute rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, increased levels of B-lipoprotein

NOTE: A fourfold increase in titer between acute and convalescent specimens is diagnostic of streptococcal upper airway infection regardless of the initial titer.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANTIMITOCHONDRIAL ANTIBODY

Elevated in:
Primary biliary cirrhosis (85-95%), chronic active hepatitis (25%-30%) cryptogenic cirrhosis (25-30%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODY (ANA)

Positive test:
SLE (more significant if titer >1: 160), drugs (phenytoin, ethosuximide, pnmudone, methyldopa, hydralazine, carbamazepine, penicillin, procainamide, chlorpromazine, griseofulvin, thiazides), chronic active hepatltis, age over 60 yr (particularly age over 80), rheumatoid arthritls, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, necrotizing vasculitis, Sjogren's syndrome (SS), tuberculosis, pulmonary interstitial fibrosis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANTITHROMBIN III

Decreased in:
Hereditary deficiency of antithrombin III, DIC, pulmonary embolism, cirrhosis, thrombolytic therapy, chronic liver failure, post-surgery, third trimester of pregnancy, oral contraceptives, nephrotic syndrome, IV heparin >3 days, sepsis

Elevated in:
Warfarin drugs, post-MI
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (AST, SGOT)

Elevated in:
Liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis, Reye's syndrome), hepatic congestion, infectious mononucleosis, MI, myocarditis, severe muscle trauma, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, muscular dystrophy, drugs (antibiotics, narcotics, antihypertensive agents, heparin, labetalol, lovastatin, NSAIDs, phenytoin, amiodarone, chlorpromazine), malignancy, renal and pulmonary infarction, convulsions, eclampsia
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BASOPHIL COUNT

Elevated in:
Leukemia, inflammatory processes, polycythemia vera, Hodgkin's Iymphoma, hemolytic anemia, after splenectomy, myeloid metaplasia

Decreased in:
Stress, hypersensitivity reaction, steroids, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BILIRUBIN, DIRECT (conjugated bilirubin)

Elevated in:
Hepatocellular disease, biliary obstruction, drug-induced cholestasis, hereditary disorders (Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor's syndrome)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BILIRUBIN, INDIRECT (unconjugated bilirubin)

Elevated in:
Hemolysis, liver disease (hepatitis cirrhosis, neoplasm), hepatic congestion secondary to congestive heart failure, heredltary dlsorders (Gilbert's disease, Crigler-Najjar syndrome)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BILIRUBIN, TOTAL

Elevated in:
Liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholangitis, neoplasm, biliary obstruction, infectious mononucleosis), hereditary disorders (Gilbert's dsease, Dubin-Johnson syndrome), drugs (steroids, diphenylhydanton, phenothiazines, penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, captopril, amphotericin B. sulfonamides, azathioprine, isoniazid, 5-aminosalicylic acid, allopurinol, methyldopa, indomethacin, halothane, oral contracepuves, procainamide, tolbutamide, labetalol), hemolysis, pulmonary embolism or infarct, hepatic congestion secondary to CHF
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BLEEDING TIME (modified Ivy method)

Elevated in:
Thrombocytopenia, capillary wall abnormalities, platelet abnormalities (Bernard-Soulier, Glamzmann's), drugs (aspirin, warfarin, antinflammatory medications, streptokinase, urokinase, dextran, B lactam antibiotics, moxalactam), DIC, cirrhosis, uremia, myeloproliferative dlsorders, Von Willebrand's
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

Elevated in:
Rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, inflammatory bowel disease, bacterial infections, Ml, oral contraceptives, third trimester of pregnancy (acute phase reactant), inflammatory and neoplastic diseases
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CALCITONIN (serum)

Elevated in:
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (particularly if level >1500 pg/ml), carcinoma of the breast, APUDomas, carcinolds, renal failure, thyroiditis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CALCIUM (serum)

Increased in:
-Hyperparathyroidism, primary (due to hyperplasia or adenoma of parathyroids) or secondary
-Hyperparathyroidism due to parathormone-secreting cancer -Hematologic malignancies (e.g., myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia)
-Excess vitamin D intake
-Bone tumor (Metastatic carcinoma (10% of patients))
-Acute osteoporosis (e.g., immobilization of young patients or in Paget's disease)
-Milk-alkali (Burnett's) syndrome
-Idiopathic hypercalcemia of infants
-Infantile hypophosphatasia
-Berylliosis
-Hyperthyroidism (some patients)
-Cushing's syndrome (some patients)
-Addison's disease (some patients)
-Myxedema (some patients)
-Hyperproteinemia (Sarcoidosis, -Multiple myeloma (some patients))
-Thiazide drugs
-Artifactual (e.g., venous stasis during blood collection, use of cork-stoppered test tubes)

Decreased in:
-Hypoparathyroidism (Surgical; Idiopathic; Pseudohypoparathyroidism)
-Malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D (Obstructive jaundice)
-Hypoalbuminemia (Cachexia, Nephrotic syndrome, Sprue, Celiac disease, Cystic fibrosis of pancreas)
-Chronic renal disease with uremia and phosphate retention
-Acute pancreatitis with extensive fat necrosis
-Insufficient calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D ingestion (Bone disease (osteomalacia, rickets); Starvation; Late pregnancy)

Total serum protein should always be known for proper interpretation of serum calcium levels.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (CARBON MONOXIDE; CO)

Elevated in:
Smoking, exposure to smoking, exposure to automobile exhaust fumes malfunctioning gas-burning appliances
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA)

Elevated in:
Colorectal carcinomas, pancreatic carcmomas, and metastatic disease usually produce higher elevations (>20 ng/ml)

Carcinomas of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, breast ovary, lung and thyroid usually produce lesser elevations

Benign conditions (smoking, inflammatory bowel disease hypothyroidism, cirrhosis, pancreatitis, infections) usually produce ievels <10 ng/ml
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CAROTENE (serum)

Elevated in:
Carotenemia, chronic nephritis, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome

Decreased in:
Fat malabsorption, steatorrhea, pancreatic insufficiency, lack of carotenoids in diet
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CERULOPLASMIN (serum)

Elevated in:
Pregnancy, estrogens, oral contraceptives, neoplastic diseases (leukemias, Hodgkin's Iymphoma, carcinomas), inflammatory states, SLE, prirnary biliary cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis

Decreased in:
Wilson's disease (values often <10 mg/dl), nephrotic syndrome, advanced liver disease, malabsorption, total parenteral nutrition, Menkes' syndrome
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHLORIDE (serum)

Elevated in:
-Dehydration, excessive infusion of normal saline
-Hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular disease, metabolic acidosis, prolonged diarrhea
-Drugs (ammonium chloride administration, acetazolamide, boric acid, triamterene)

Decreased in:
CHF, SIADH, Addison's disease, vomiting, gastric suction, salt-losing nephritis, continuous infusion of D5W, thiazide diuretic administration, diaphoresis, diarrhea, burns
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHOLESTEROL, TOTAL

Elevated in:
Primary hypercholesterolemia, biliary obstruction, diabetes melhtus, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, primary biliary cirrhosis, high cholesterol diet, third trimester of pregnancy, Ml, drugs (steroids, phenothiazines, oral contraceptives)

Decreased in:
Starvation, malabsorption, sideroblastic anemia, thalassemia, abetalipoproteinemia, hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, hepatic failure, multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, chronic myelocytic leukemia, myeloid metaplasia, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, myelofibrosis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CIRCULATING ANTICOAGULANT (lupus anticoagulant)

Detected in:
SLE, drug-induced lupus, long-term phenothiazine therapy, multiple myeloma, ulcerative colhis, rheumatoid arthritis, postpartum, hemophilia, neoplasms, chronic inflammatory states
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COLD AGGLUTININS TITER

Elevated in:
Primary atypical pneumonia (mycoplasma pneumonia), infectious mononucleosis, CMV infection

Other: hepatic cirrhosis, acquired hemolytic anemia, frostbite, multiple myeloma, Iymphoma, malaria
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMPLEMENT (C3, C4)

C3 is increased in:
Acute and chronic inflammation (slightly), obstructive jaundice

C3 is decreased in:
Acute glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythromatosis

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COOMBS, DIRECT

Positive:
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, transfusion reactions, drugs (a-methyldopa, peniecllins, tetraeyeline, sulfonamides, levodopa, cephalosporins, quinidine, insulin)

False positive:
May be seen with cold agglutinins
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COOMBS, INDIRECT

Positive:
Acquired hemolytic anemia, incompatible cross-matched blood, anti-Rh antibodies, drugs (methyldopa, mefenamic acid, levodopa)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COPPER (serum)

Increased in:
-Anemias (Pernicious anemia, Megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy, Iron deficiency anemia, Aplastic anemia, Leukemia, acute and chronic, Infection, acute and chronic, Malignant lymphoma, Hemochromatosis)
-Collagen diseases (including SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, acute rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis)
-Hypothyroidism
-Hyperthyroidism
-Frequently associated with increased C-reactive protein

Decreased in:
-Nephrosis (ceruloplasmin lost in urine)
-Wilson's disease
-Acute leukemia in remission
-Some iron deficiency anemias of childhood (that require copper as well as iron therapy)
-Kwashiorkor

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CORTISOL (plasma)

Elevated in:
-Ectopic ACTH production (i.e., oat cell carcinoma of lung), loss of normal diurnal variation, pregnancy, chronic renal failure
-Iatrogenic, stress, adrenal or pituitary hyperplasia or adenomas

Decreased in:
Primary adrenocortical insufficiency, anterior pituitary hypofunction, secondary adrenocortical insufficiency, adrenogenital syndromes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CREATINE KINASE (CK, CPK)

Elevated in:
MI, myocarditis, rhabdomyolysis, myositis, crush injury/trauma, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, vigorous exercise, muscular dystrophy, myxedema, seizures, malignant hyperthermia syndrome, IM injections, CVA, pulmonary embolism and infarction, acute dissection of aorta

Decreased in:
Steroids, decreased muscle mass, connective tissue disorders, alcoholic liver disease, metastatic neoplasms
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CREATINE KINASE ISOENZYMES

CK-MB
Elevated in: Mi, myocarditis, pericarditis, muscular dystrophy, cardiac defibrillation, cardiac surgery, extensive rhabdomyolysis, strenuous exercise (marathon runners), mixed conmective tissue disease, cardiomyopathy, hypothermia

CK-MM
Elevated in: crush injury, seizures, malignant hyperthermia syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, myositis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, vigorous exercise, muscular dystrophy, IM injections, acute dissection of aorta

CK-BB
Elevated in: CVA, subarachnoid hemorrhage, neoplasms (prostate, Gl tract, brain, ovary, breast, lung), severe shock, bowel infarction, hypothermia
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CREATININE (serum)

Elevated in:
Renal insufficiency (acute and chronic),
Decreased renal perfusion (hypotension, dehydration, CHF), urinary tract infection, rhabdomyolysis, ketonemia
Drugs (antibiotics [aminoglycosides, cephalosporins], hydantoin, diuretics, methyldopa)

Falsely elevated in:
DKA, administration of some cephalosporins (e.g., cefoxitin, cephalothin)

Decreased in:
Decreased muscle mass (including amputees and older persons), pregnancy, prolonged debilitation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CREATININE CLEARANCE

Elevated in:
Pregnancy, exercise

Decreased in:
Renal insufficiency, drugs (cimetidine, procainanude, antibiotics, quinidine)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CRYOGLOBULINS (serum)

Present in:
Collagen-vascular diseases, CLL, hemolytic anemias, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, chronic active hepatitis, Hodgkin's disease
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D-XYLOSE ABSORPTION

Decreased in:
Malabsorption syndrome
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EOSINOPHIL COUNT

Elevated in:
Allergy, parasitic infestations (trichinosis, aspergillosis, hydatidosis), angmneurotic edema, drug reactions, warfarin sensitivity, collagen-vascular diseases, acute hypereosinophilic syndrome, eosinophilic nonallergic rhinitis, myeloproliferative disorders, Hodgkin's Iymphoma, radiation therapy, NHL, L-tryptophan ingestion
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (Westergren)

Elevated in:
Collagen-vascular diseases, infections, MI, neoplasms, inflammatory states (acute phase reactant)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTRACTABLE NUCLEAR ANTIGEN (ENA complex, anti-RNP antibody, anti-Sm, anti-Smith)

Present in:
SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, MCTD
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FECAL FAT, QUANTITATIVE (72 hr collection)

Elevated in:
Malabsorption syndrome
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FERRITIN (serum)

Elevated in:
Hyperthyroidism, inflammatory states, liver disease (ferritin elevated from necrotic hepatocytes), neoplasms (neuroblastomas, Iymphomas, leukemia, breast carcinoma), iron replacement therapy, hemochromatosis

Decreased in:
Iron deficiency anemia
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FIBRIN DEGRADATION PRODUCT (FDP)

Elevated in:
DIC, primary fibrinolysis, pulmonary embolism, severe liver disease

NOTE: The presence of rheumatoid factor may cause falsely elevated FDP
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FIBRINOGEN

Elevated in:
Tissue inflammation/damage (acute-phase protein reactant), oral contraceptives, pregnancy, acute infection, MI

Decreased in:
DIC, hereditary afibrinogenemia, liver disease, primary or secondary fibrinolysis, cachexia
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FOLATE (FOLIC ACID)

Decreased in:
Folic acid deficiency (inadequate intake, malabsorption), alcoholism, drugs (methotrexate, trimethoprim, phenytoin, oral contraceptives, azulfadine), vitamin B12 deficiency (defective red cell folate absorption)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FTA-ABS (serum)(FLUORESCENT TREPONEMAL ANTIBODY)

Reactive in:
Syphilis, other treponemal diseases (yaws, pinta, bejel)
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GASTRIN (serum)

Elevated in:
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma), pernicious anemia, hyperparathyroidism, retained gastric antrum, chronic renal failure, gastric ulcer, chronic atrophic gastritis, pyloric obstruction, malignant neoplasms of the stomach, H2 blockers, omeprazole
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GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE ANTIBODY (ANTIGLOMERULAR BASEMENT ANTIBODY)

Present in:
Goodpasture's syndrome
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GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE SCREEN (blood)

Abnormal:
If a deficiency is detected, quantitation of G6PD is necessary; a G6PD screen may be falsely interpreted as abnormal
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GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST

Elevated in:
Glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, pheochromocytoma
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GLUCOSE, FASTING

Elevated in:
Diabetes mellitus, stress, infections, MI, CVA, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, acute pancreatitis, glucagonoma, hemocbromatosis, drugs (glucocorticoids, diuretics [thiazides, loop diuretics]), glucose intolerance
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GLUCOSE, POSTPRANDIAL

Elevated in:
Diabetes mellitus, glucose intolerance

Decreased in:
Post-gastrointestinal resection, reactive hypoglycemia, hereditary fructose intolerance, galactosemia, leucine sensitivity
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GLYCATED (GLYCOSYLATED) HEMOGLOBIN (HbA1c)

Elevated in:
Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (glycated hemoglobin levels reflect the level of glucose control over the preceding 120 days)

Decreased in:
Hemolytic anemias,
Decreased RBC survival, pregnancy, chronic blood loss, chronic renal failure, insulinoma
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HAM TEST (acid serum test)

Positive in:
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)

False positive in:
Hereditary or acquired spherocytosis, recent transfusion with aged RBC, aplastic anemia, myeloproliferative syndromes, leukemia, hereditary dyserythropoietic anemia type II (HEMPAS)
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HAPTOGLOBIN (serum)

Elevated in:
Inflammation (acute phase reactant), collagen-vascular diseases, infections (acute phase reactant), drugs (androgens)

Decreased in:
Hemolysis (intravascular > extravascular), megaloblastic anemia, severe liver disease, large tissue hematomas, infectious mononucleosis, drugs (oral contraceptives)
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HEMATOCRIT

Elevated in:
Polycythemia vera, smoking, COPD, high altitudes, dehydration, hypovolemia

Decreased in:
Blood loss (GI, GU), anemia, pregnancy
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HEMOGLOBIN

Elevated in:
Hemoconcentration, dehydration, polycythemia vera, COPD, high altitudes, false elevations (hyperlipemic plasma, WBC >50,000 mm3), stress

Decreased in:
Hemorrhage (GI, GU), anemia
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HEPATITIS A ANTIBODY

Present in:
Viral hepatitis A, can be IgM or IgG (if IgM, acute hepatitis A; if IgG, previous infection with hepatitis A)
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HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBsAg)

Detected in:
Acute viral hepatitis Type B. Chronic hepatitis B
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HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL) CHOLESTEROL

Increased:
Use of gemfibrozil, nicotinic acid, estrogens, regular aerobic exercise, small (1 oz) daily alcohol intake

Decreased:
Deficiency of apoproteins, liver disease, probucol ingestion, Tangier disease
NOTE: A cholesterol/HDL ratio >4.5 is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
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IMMUNE COMPLEX ASSAY

Detected in:
Collagen-vascular disorders, glomerulonephritis, neoplastic diseases, malaria, primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic acute hepatitis, bacterial endocarditis, vasculitis
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IMMUNOGLOBULINS

Elevated in:
-IgA: Iymphoproliferative disorders, Berger's nephropathy, chronic infections, autoimmune disorders, liver disease
-IgE: allergic disorders, parasitic infections, immunological disorders IgE myeloma
-IgG: chronic granulomatous infections, infectious diseases, inflammation, myeloma, liver disease
-IgM: primary biliary cirrhosis, infectious diseases (brucellosis, malaria), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, liver disease

Decreased in:
-IgA: nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy, congenital deficiency, Iymphocytic leukemia, ataxia-telengiectasia, chronic eosinopulmonary disease
-IgE: hypogammaglobulinemia, neoplasm (breast, bronchial, cervical) ataxia, telengiectasia
-IgG: congenital or acquired deficiency, Iymphocytic leukemia, phenytoin, methylprednisolone, nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy
-IgM: congenital deficiency, Iymphocytic leukemia, nephrotic syndrome
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IRON-BINDING CAPACITY (TIBC)

Elevated in:
Iron deficiency anemia, pregnancy, polycythemia

Decreased in:
Anemia of chronic disease, hemochromatosis, chronic liver disease, hemolytic anemias, malnutrition (protein depletion)
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LACTATE (blood)

Increased in:
(Without signifigant acidosis): Muscular exercise, hyperbentilation, glucaon, glycogen storage disease, severe anemia, pyruvate infusion, HCO3 infusion, glucose and insulin infusion.

(With hypoxia and acidosis): Acute hemorrage, circulatory collapse, cyanotic heart disease, severe acute CHF, acute anoxemia, extracorpeal circulation, epinephrine

(Idiopathic): Mild uremia, infections (esp. pyelonephritis), septicemia, cirrhosis, acute pancreatitis (+/-), third trimester of pregnancy, severe vascular disease, leukemia, anemia, chronic alcoholism, subacute bacterial endocarditis, poliomyelitis
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LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH)

Elevated in:
Infarction of myocardium, lung, kidney

Diseases of cardiopulmonary system, liver, collagen, CNS

Hemolytic anemias, megaloblastic anemias, transfusions, seizures, muscle trauma, muscular dystrophy, acute pancreatitis hypotension shock, infectious mononucleosis, inflammation, neoplasia, intestinai obstruction, hypothyroidism
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LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ISOENZYMES

Abnormal values:
LDH1 > LDH2: MI (can also be seen with hemolytic anemias, pernicious anemia, folate deficiency, renal infarct)

LDH5 > LDH4: liver disease (cirrhosis, hepatitis, hepatic congestion)
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LEGIONELLA TITER

Positive in:
Legionnaire's disease (presumptive: > 1:256 titer; definitive: fourfold titer increase to >1: 128)
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LEUKOCYTE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (LAP SCORE)

Elevated in:
Leukemoid reactions, neutrophilia secondary to infections (except in sickle cell crisisƒ€no significant increase in LAP score), Hodgkin's disease, polycythemia vera, hairy cell leukemia, aplastic anemia, Down's syndrome, myelofibrosis

Decreased in:
Acute and chronic granulocytic leukemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), hypophosphatemia, collagen disorders
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LIPASE

Elevated in:
Acute pancreatitis, perforated peptic ulcer, carcinoma of pancreas (early stage), pancreatic duct obstruction
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LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL) CHOLESTEROL

Elevated in:
Primary hyperlipoproteinemia, diet high in saturated fats, acute MI, hypothyroidism, primary biliary cirrhosis, nephrosis, driabetes mellitus

Decreased in:
Abetalipoproteinemia, advanced liver disease, malabsorption, malnutrition
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LYMPHOCYTES

Elevated in:
Chronic infections, infectious mononucleosis and other viral infections, CLL, Hodgkin's disease, ulcerative colitis, hypoadrenalism, ITP

Decreased in:
AIDS, ARC, bone marrow suppression from chemotherapeutic agents or chemotherapy, aplastic anemia, neoplasms, steroids, adrenocortical hyperfunction, neurologic disorders (multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre syndrome)
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MAGNESIUM (serum)

Increased in:
-Renal failure
-Diabetic coma before treatment
-Hypothyroidism
-Addison's disease and after adrenalectomy
-Controlled diabetes mellitus in older patients
-Administration of antacids containing magnesium

Decreased in:
-GI disease showing malabsorption and abnormal loss of GI fluids (e.g., nontropical sprue, small bowel resection, biliary and intestinal fistulas, abdominal irradiation, prolonged aspiration of intestinal contents, celiac disease and other causes of steatorrhea)
-Acute alcoholism and alcoholic cirrhosis
-Insulin treatment oof diabetic coma
-Hyperthyroidism
-Aldosteronism
-Hyperparathyroidism
-Lytic tumors of bone
-Diuretic drug therapy (e.g., ethacrynic acid, furosemide)
-Some cases of renal disease (e.g., glomerulonephritis, pyeloneI phritis, renal tubular acidosis)
-Acute pancreatitis
-Excessive lactation
-Idiopathic disorders

Magnesium deficiency may cause apparently unexplained hypocalcemia and hypokalemia; the patients may have neurologic and GI symptoms

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MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME (MCV)

Elevated in:
Vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, liver disease, alcohol abuse, reticulocytosis, hypothyroidism, marrow aplasia, myelofibrosis

Decreased in:
Iron deficiency, thalassemia syndrome and other hemoglobinopathies, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia, chronic renal failure, lead poisoning
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MONOCYTE COUNT

Elevated in:
Viral diseases, parasites, infections, neoplasms, inflammatory bowel disease, monocytic leukemia, Iymphomas, myeloma, sarcoidosis

Decreased in:
Aplastic anemia, Iymphocytic leukemia, glucocorticoid administration
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NEUTROPHIL COUNT

Elevated in:
Acute bacterial infections, acute MI, stress, neoplasms, myelocytic leukemia

Decreased in:
Viral infections, aplastic anemias, immunosuppressive drugs, radiation therapy to bone marrow, agranulocytosis, drugs (antibiotics, antithyroidals), Iymphocytic and monocytic leukemias
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OSMOLALITY, SERUM

It can be estimated by the following formula:

2([Na] + [K]) + Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8

Elevated in:
Dehydration, hypernatremia, diabetes insipidus, uremia, hyperglycemia, mannitol therapy, ingestlon of toxins (ethylene glycol, methanol ethanol)

Decreased in:
SIADH, hyponatremia, overhydration
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pH, BLOOD

Increased in:
Metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis

Decreased in:
Metabolic acidosis, repiratory acidosis
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PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (PTT), ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (APTT)

Elevated in:
Heparin therapy, coagulation factor deficiency (I, II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI XII), liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, DIC, circulating anticoagulant, warfarin therapy, specific factor inhibition (PCN reaction, rheumatoid arthritis), thrombolytic therapy

NOTE: Useful to evaluate the intrinsic coagulaion system.
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PHOSPHATASE, ALKALINE; see ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE PHOSPHORUS (serum)

Elevated in:
Renal failure, dehydration, Addison's disease, myelogenous leukemia, hypervitaminosis D, hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, bone metastases, sarcoidosis, milk-alkali syndrome, immobilization, magnesium deficiency, transfusions, hemolysis

Decreased in:
Starvation (e.g., alcoholics), DKA, TPN, continuous IV dextrose administration, vitamin D deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, pseudohyperparathyroidism, antacids containing aluminum hydroxide, insulin administration, nasogastric suctioning, vomiting, diuretics, steroids, gram-negative septicemia
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PHOSPHORUS (serum)

Increased in:
-Hypoparathyroidism (Idiopathic, Surgical, Pseudohypoparathyroidism)
-Excess vitamin D intake
-Secondary hyperparathyroidism (renal rickets)
-Bone disease (Healing fractures, Multiple myeloma (some patients), Paget's disease (some patients), Osteolytic metastatic tumor in bone (some patients))
-Addison's disease
-Acromegaly
-Childhood
-Myelogenous leukemia
-Acute yellow atrophy
-High intestinal obstruction
-Sarcoidosis (some patients)
-Milk-alkali (Burnett's) syndrome (some patients)
-Artifactual increase by hemolysis of blood

Decreased in
-Alcoholism*
-Diabetes mellitus*
-Hyperalimentation*
-Nutritional recovery syndrome* (rapid refeeding after prolonged starvation)
-Alkalosis, respiratory (e.g., gram-negative bacteremia) or metabolic
-Acute gout
-Salicylate poisoning
-Administration of glucose intravenously (e.g., recovery after severe burns, hyperalimentation)
-Administration of anabolic steroids, androgens, epinephrine, glucagon, insulin
-Acidosis (especially ketoacidosis)
-Hyperparathyroidism
-Renal tubular defects (e.g., Fanconi syndrome)
-Hypokalemia
-Hypomagnesemia
-Administration of diuretics
-Prolonged hypothermia (e.g., open heart surgery)
-Malabsorption
-Vitamin D deficiency and/or resistance, osteomalacia
-Malnutrition, vomiting, diarrhea
-Administration of phosphate-binding antacids*
-Primary hypophosphatemia

*Indicates conditions associated with severe hypophosphatemia.

Mechanisms of hypophosphatemia are intracellular shift of phosphate, increased loss (via kidney or intestine), or decreased intestinal absorption; usually associated with prior phosphorus depletion. Often, more than one mechanism is operative.

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PLATELET COUNT

Elevated in:
Neoplasms (GI tract), CML, polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, infections, after splenectomy, postpartum, after hemorrhage, hemophilia, iron deficiency, pancreatitis, cirrhosis
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POTASSIUM (serum)

Increased in:
-Renal failure: (Acute with oliguria or anuria; Chronic end-stage with oliguria (glomerular filtration rate <3-5 ml/minute); Chronic nonoliguric associated with dehydration, obstruction, trauma, or excess potassium)
-Decreased mineralocorticoid activity: (Addison's disease; Hypofunction of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; Pseudohypoaldosteronism; Aldosterone antagonist (e.g., spironolactone))
-Increased supply of potassium: (Red blood cell hemolysis (transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia); Excess dietary intake or rapid potassium infusion; Striated muscle (status epilepticus, periodic paralysis); Potassium-retaining drugs (e.g., triamterene); Fluid-electrolyte imbalance (e.g., dehydration, acidosis))
-Laboratory artifacts (e.g., hemolysis during venipuncture, conditions associated with thrombocytosis, incomplete separation of serum and clot)

Decreased in:
-Renal and adrenal conditions with metabolic alkalosis: (Administration of diuretics, Primary aidosteronism, Pseudoaldosteronism, Salt-losing nephropathy, Cushing's syndrome)
-Renal conditions associated with metabolic acidosis: (Renal tubular acidosis, Diuretic phase of acute tubular necrosis, Chronic pyelonephritis, Diuresis following relief of urinary tract obstruction)
-Gastrointestinal conditions: (Vomiting, gastric auctioning; Villous adenoma; Cancer of colon; Chronic laxative abuse; Zollinger-Ellison syndrome; Chronic diarrhea; Ureterosigmoidostomy)

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PROLACTIN

Elevated in:
Prolactinomas (level >200 highly suggestive), drugs (phenothiazines, cimetidine, tricyclic antidepressants, metoclopramide, estrogens, antihypertensives [methyldopa], verapamil, haloperidol), postpartum, stress, hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism
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PROTEIN (serum)

Elevated in:
Dehydration, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, sarcoidosis, collagen-vascular diseases

Decreased in:
Malnutrition, low-protein diet, overhydration, malabsorption, pregnancy, severe bums, neoplasms, chronic diseases, cirrhosis, nephrosis
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PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS (serum)

Elevated:
-Albumin: dehydration
-a-l: neoplastic diseases, inflammation
-a-2: neoplasms, inflammation, infection, nephrotic syndrome
-b: hypothyroidism, biliary cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus
-y: see IMMUNOGLOBULINS

Decreased:
-Albumin: malnutrition, chronic liver disease, malabsorption, nephrotic syndrome, burns, SLE
-a-I: emphysema (a-l antitrypsin deficiency), nephrosis
-a-2: hemolytic anemias (
Decreased haptoglobin), severe hepatocellular damage
-b: hypocholesterolemia, nephrosis
-y: see IMMUNOGLOBULINS
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PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT)

Elevated in:
Liver disease, oral anticoagulants (Warfarin), heparin, factor deficiency (I, II, V, VII, X), DIC, vitamin K deficiency, afibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia, drugs (salicylae, chloral hydrate, diphenylhydantoin, estrogens, antacids, phenylbutazone, quinidine, antibiotics, allopurinol, anabolic steroids)

Decreased in:
Vitamin K supplementation, thrombophlebitis, drugs (gluthetimide, estrogens, griseofulvin, diphenhydramine)
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PROTOPORPHYRIN (free erythrocyte)

Elevated in:
Iron deficiency, lead poisoning, sideroblastic anemias, anemia of chronic disease, hemolytic anemias, erythropoietic protoporphyria
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RED BLOOD CELL COUNT

Elevated in:
Polycythemia vera, smokers, high altitude, cardiovascular disease, renal cell carcinoma and other erythropoietin-producing neoplasms, stress, hemoconcentration/dehydration

Decreased in:
Anemias, hemolysis, chronic renal failure, hemorrhage, failure of marrow production
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RED BLOOD CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH (RDW)

Normal RDW and...
Elevated MCV: aplastic anemia, preleukemiaNormal MCV: normal, anemia of chronic disease, acute blood loss or hemolysis, CLL, CML, nonanemic enzymopathy or hemoglobinopathy

Decreased MCV: anemia of chronic disease, heterozygous thalassemia


Elevated RDW and...
Elevated MCV: vitamin Bl2 deficiency, folate deficiency, immune hemolytic anemia, cold agglutinins, CLL with high count, liver disease

Normal MCV: early iron deficiency, early vitamin Bl2 deficiency, early folate deficiency, anemic globinopathy

Decreased MCV: iron deficiency, RBC fragmentation, Hb H. thalassemia intermedia
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RED BLOOD CELL MASS (VOLUME)

Elevated in:
Polycythemia vera, hypoxia (smokers, high altitude, cardiovascular disease), hemoglobinopathies with high 2B affinity, erythropoietin-producmg tumors (renal cell carcinoma)

Decreased in:
Hemorrhage, chronic disease, failure of marrow production anemias, hemolysis
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RETICULOCYTE COUNT

Elevated in:
Hemolytic anemia (sickle cell crisis, thalassemia major, autoimmune hemolysls, hemorrhage, postanemia therapy (folic acid, ferrous sulfate, vitamin B12)

Decreased in:
Aplastic anemia, marrow suppression (sepsis, chemotherapeutic agents radlation), hepatic cirrhosis, blood transfusion, anemias of disordered maturation (iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, sideroblastlc anemua, anemna of chronic disease)
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RHEUMATOID FACTOR

Present in titer >1:20:
Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, chronic inflammatory processes, old age, infection, liver disease
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SMOOTH MUSCLE ANTIBODY (ANTI- SMOOTH MUSCLE ANTIBODY)

Present in:
Chronic active hepatitis (>1:80), primary biliary cirrhosis (<1:80), infectious mononucleosis
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SODIUM (serum)

Increased in:

Excess loss of water...
-Conditions that cause loss via gastrointestinal tract (e.g., in vomiting), lung (hyperpnea), or skin (e.g., in excessive sweating)
-Conditions that cause diuresis (Diabetes insipidus, Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, Diabetes mellitus, Diuretic drugs, Diuretic phase of acute tubular necrosis, Diuresis following relief of urinary tract obstruction, Hypercalcemic nephropathy, Hypokalemic nephropathy)

Excess administration of sodium (iatrogenic), e.g., incorrect replacement following fluid loss.
""Essential"" hypernatremia due to hypothalamic lesions

Decreased in (serum osmolality is decreased):

-Dilutional: (e.g., congestive heart failure, nephrosis, cirrhosis with ascites)
-Sodium depletion: (Loss of body fluids (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating) with incorrect or no therapeutic replacement, diuretic drugs (e.g., thiazides); Adrenocortical insufficiency; Salt-losing nephropathy; Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone)
-Spurious (serum osmolality is normal or increased): (Hyperlipidemia; Hyperglycemia (serum sodium decreases 3 mEq/L for every increase of serum glucose of 100 mg/100 ml))


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SUCROSE HEMOLYSIS TEST (sugar water test)

Positive in:
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)

False positive: autoimmune hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemnas
False negative: may occur with use of heparin or EDTA
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T3 (TRIIODOTHYRONINE)

Decreased in:
Starvation, trauma, surgery, may be an adaptive response to illness, drugs (PTU)
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T3 RESIN UPTAKE (T3RU)

This test should be used only with a simultaneous measurement of serum T4 to exclude the possibility that an increased T4 is due to an increase in T4-binding globulin. Measurement of serum T-3 concentration should be done by radioimmunoassay for diagnosis of hyperthyroidism

Increased in:
-Hyperthyroidism
-Certain drugs (e.g., testosterone, androgens, anabolic steroids, prednisone, heparin, Dicumarol, salicylates, Butazolidin, penicillin, Dilantin)
-Threatened abortion
-Infants (up to about age 2 months)
-Severe nephrosis
-Metastatic neoplasms

Decreased in_
-Hypothyroidism
-Pregnancy (from about tenth week of pregnancy until up to 12th week postpartum)
-Certain drugs (e.g., estrogens alone or in birth control pills, large amounts of iodine, propylthiouracil in hyperthyroidism)

Normal in:
-Pregnancy with hyperthyroidism
-Nontoxic goiter
-Carcinoma of thyroid
-Diabetes mellitus
-Addison's disease
-Anxiety
-Certain drugs (mercurials, iodine)

Variable in:
Liver disease

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T4, FREE (free thyroxine)

This determination gives corrected values in patients in whom the total thyroxine (T-4) is altered on account of changes in serum proteins or in binding sites. (Pregnancy; Drugs (e.g., androgens, estrogens, birth control pills, Dilantin); Altered levels of serum proteins (e.g., nephrosis))

This is the best single screening test for thyroid dysfunction. It is paralleled by the free thyroxine factor.

Increased in:
-Hyperthyroidism
-Hypothyroidism treated with thyroxine -Very ill euthyroid patients (frequently)

Decreased in:
-Hypothyroidism
-Hypothyroidism treated with triiodothyronine

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THROMBIN TIME (TT)

Elevated in:
Thrombolytic and heparin therapy, DIC, hypofibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia
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THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)

Elevated in:
Hypothyroidism, drugs (haloperidol, chlorpromazme, metoclopramide, domperidone), TSH antibodies, pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone

Decreased in:
Hyperthyroidism, acute medical illness, drugs (dopamine, corticosteroids, bromocriptine, levodopa, pyridoxine), hyponatremia, malnutrition

Normal in:
Cushing's syndrome
Acromegaly
Pregnancy at term

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THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN (TBG)

Increased in:
-Pregnancy
-Excess TBG, genetic or idiopathic -Hypothyroidism (sorr-te patients)
-Certain drugs (estrogens, birth control pills)
-Gross iodine contamination
-Acute intermittent porphyria

Decreased in:
-Nephrosis and other causes of marked hypoproteinemia Deficiency of TBG, genetic or idiopathic
-Certain drugs (androgenic and anabolic steroids)

An increase of TBG is associated with an increase in PBI, BEI, and T-4 by column and a decrease in T-3; converse association for decrease of TBG.
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THYROXINE (T4)

Increased in:
-Hyperthyroidism
-Pregnancy
-Certain drugs (estrogens, birth control pills, d-thyroxine, thyroid extract, TSH)

Decreased in:
-Hypothyroidism
-Hypoproteinemia
-Certain drugs (phenytoin sodium [Dilantin], triiodothyronine, testosterone, ACTH, corticosteroids)

Not affected by:
-Radiopaque substances for x-ray studies -Mercurial diuretics
-Nonthyroidal iodine

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TRANSFERRIN

Elevated in:
Iron deficiency anemia, oral contraceptive administration, viral hepatitis

Decreased in:
Nephrotic syndrome, liver disease, hereditary deficiency, protein malnutrition, neoplasms, chronic inflammatory states, chronic illness thalassemia
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TRIGLYCERIDES

Elevated in:
Hyperlipoproteinemias (Types I, IIb, III, IV, V), hypothyroidism, pregnancy, estrogens, acute MI, pancreatitis, alcohol intake, nephrotic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, glycogen storage disease

Decreased in:
Malnutrition, congenital abetalipoproteinemias, drugs (e.g., gemfibrozil, nicotinic acid, clofibrate)
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UREA NITROGEN (BUN)

Elevated in:
-Drugs (aminoglycosides and other antibiotics, diuretics, lithium, corticosteroids), dehydration, gastrointestinal bleeding,
-Decreased renal blood flow (shock, CHF, MI), renal disease (glomerulonephritis pyelonephritis, diabetic nephropathy), urinary tract obstruction (prostatic hypertrophy)

Decreased in:
Liver disease, malnutrition, third trimester of pregnancy, overhydration
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URIC ACID (serum)

Elevated in:
Renal failure, gout, excessive cell Iysis (chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, leukemia, Iymphoma, hemolytic anemia), hereditary enzyme deficiency (hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase) acidosis, myeloproliferative disorders, diet high in purines or protein drugs (diuretics, low doses of ASA, ethambutol, nicotinic acid), lead poisoning, hypothyroidism, Addison's disease, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, active psoriasis, polycystic kidneys

Decreased in:
Drugs (allopurinol, high doses of ASA, probenecid, warfarin, corticosteroid), deficiency of xanthine oxidase, SIADH, renal tubular deficits (Fanconi's syndrome), alcoholism, liver disease, diet deficient in protein or purines, Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis
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URINE 5-HYDROXYINDOLE-ACETIC ACID (URINE 5-HIAA)

Elevated in:
Carcinoid tumors, after ingestion of certain foods (bananas, plums, tomatoes, avocados, pineapples, eggplant, walnuts), drugs (MAO inhibitors, phenacetin, methyldopa, glycerol guaiacolate, acetaminophen,salicylates, phenothiazines, imipramine, methocarbamol, reserpine, metamphetamine)
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URINE AMYLASE

Elevated in:
Pancreatitis, carcinoma of the pancreas
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URINE BILE (BILIRUBIN, URINE)

Abnormal:
Urine bilirubin: Hepatitis (viral, toxic, drug-induced), biliary obstruction
Urine urobilinogen: Hepatitis (viral, toxic, drug-induced), hemolytic jaundice, liver cell dysfunction (cirrhosis, infection, metastases)
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URINE CALCIUM

Elevated in:
Primary hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, bone metastases multlple myeloma, increased calcium intake, steroids, prolonged immobilization, sarcoidosis, Paget's disease, idiopathic hypercalciuria renal tubular acidosis

Decreased in:
Hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency vitanun D-resistant rickets, diet low in calcium, drugs (thiazide diuretics, oral contraceptives), familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, renal osteodystrophy
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URINE CATECHOLAMINES

Elevated in:
Pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, severe stress
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URINE CHLORIDE

Elevated in:
Corticosteroids, Bartter's syndrome

Decreased in:
Chloride depletion (vomiting, diuretics), colonic villous adenoma
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URINE COPPER

Increased in:
Wilson's disease
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URINE CORTISOL, FREE

Elevated:
Refer to CORTISOL (serum)
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URINE CREATININE (24 hr)

NOTE: Useful test as an indicator of completeness of 24 hr urine collection.
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URINE GLUCOSE (qualitative)

Present in:
Diabetes mellitus, renal glycosuria (decreased renal threshold for glucose), glucose intolerance
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URINE HEMOGLOBIN, FREE

Present in:
Hemolysis (with saturation of serum haptoglobin binding capacity and renal threshold for tubular absorption of hemoglobin)
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URINE HEMOSIDERIN

Present in:
Paroxysmal noctumal hemoglobinuria (PNH), chronic hemolytic anemia, hemochromatosis
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URINE INDICAN

Present in:
Malabsorption secondary to intestinal bacterial overgrowth
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URINE KETONES (semiquantitative)

Present in:
DKA, alcoholic ketoacidosis, starvation, isopropanol ingestion
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URINE METANEPHRINES

Elevated in:
Pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, drugs (caffeine, phenothiazines, MAO inhibitors), stress
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URINE MYOGLOBIN

Present in:
Severe trauma, hyperthermia, polymyositis/demmatomyositis, carbon monoxide poisoning
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URINE NITRITE

Present in:
Urinary tract infections
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URINE OCCULT BLOOD

Positive in:
Trauma to urinary tract, renal disease (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis), renal or ureteral calculi, bladder lesions (carcinoma, cystitis), prostatitis, prostatic carcinoma, menstrual contamination, hematopoietic disorders (hemophilia, thrombocytopenia), anticoagulants, ASA
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URINE OSMOLALITY

Elevated in:
SIADH, dehydration, glycosuria, adrenal insufficiency, high-protein diet

Decreased in:
Diabetes insipidus, excessive water intake, IV hydration with D5W acute renal insufficiency, glomerulonephritis
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URINE pH

Elevated in:
Bacteriuria, vegetarian diet, renal failure with inability to form ammonia, drugs (antibiotics, sodium bicarbonate, acetazolamide)

Decreased in:
Acidosis (metabolic, respiratory), drugs (ammonium chloride, methenamine mandelate), diabetes mellitus, starvation, diarrhea
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URINE POTASSIUM

Elevated in:
Aldosteronism (primary, secondary), glucocorticoids, alkalosis, renal tubular acidosis, excessive dietary potassium intake

Decreased in:
Acute renal failure, potassium-sparing diuretics, diarrhea, hypokalemia
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URINE PROTEIN (quantitative)

Elevated in:
Renal disease (glomerular, tubular, interstitial), CHF, hypertension, neoplasms of renal pelvis and bladder, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
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URINE SODIUM (quantitative)

Elevated in:
Diuretic administration, high sodium intake, salt-losing nephritis, acutetubular necrosis, vomiting, CHF, hepatic failure. Addison's disease, SIADH, hypothyroidism
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URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Elevated in:
Dehydration, excessive fluid losses (vomiting, diarrhea, fever) x-ray contrast media, diabetes mellitus, CHF, SIADH, adrenal insufficiency,
Decreased fluid intake

Decreased in:
Diabetes insipidus, renal disease (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis), excessive fluid intake or IV hydration
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URINE VANILLYLMANDELIC ACID (VMA)

Elevated in:
Pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, ganglioblastoma, drugs (isoproterenol, methocarbamol, levodopa, sulfonamides, chlorpromazine), severe stress, after ingestion of bananas, chocolate, vanilla, tea, coffee

Decreased in:
Drugs (MAO inhibitors, reserpine, guanethidine, methyldopa)
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VDRL

Positive test:
Syphilis, other treponemal diseases (yaws, pinta, bejel)

NOTE: A false-positive test may be seen in patients with SLE and other autoimmune diseases, infectious mononucleosis, atypical pneumonia, malaria, leprosy.
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VISCOSITY

Elevated in:
Monoclonal gammopathies (Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, multiple myeloma), hyperfibrinogenemia, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, polycythemia, leukemia
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y-GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE (GGT; GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE )

Elevated in:
Chronic alcoholic liver disease, neoplasms (hepatoma, metastatic disease to the liver, carcinoma of the pancreas), SLE, CHF, trauma, nephrotic syndrome, sepsis, cholestasis. drugs (phenytoin, barbiturates)